Moving beyond the modernist institutions of mononaturalism and multiculturalism, Latour develops the idea of multinaturalism, a complex collectivity determined not by outside experts claiming absolute reason but by diplomats who are flexible and open to experimentation This book establishes the conceptual context for political ecology. Latour proposes an end to the old dichotomy between nature and society—and the constitution, in its place, of a community incorporating humans and nonhumans and building on the experiences of the sciences as they are actually practiced. Introduction: What Is to Be Done with Political Ecology? 1(8) 1. Why Political Ecology Has to Let Go of Nature 9(44) First, Get Out of the Cave 10(8) Ecological Crisis or Crisis of Objectivity? 18(7) The End of Nature 25(7) The Pitfall of Social Representations of Nature 32(10) The Fragile Aid of Comparative Anthropology 42(7) What Successor for the Bicameral Collective? 49(4) 2. How to Bring the Collective Together 53(38) Difficulties In Convoking the Collective 57(5) First Division: Learning to Be Circumspect with Spokespersons 62(8) Second Division: Associations of Humans and Nonhumans 70(7) Third Division between Humans and Nonhumans: Reality and Recalcitrance 77(5) A More or Less Articulated Collective 82(5) The Return to Civil Peace 87(4) 3. A New Separation of Powers 91(37) Some Disadvantages of the Concepts of Fact and Value 95(7) The Power to Take into Account and the Power to Put in Order 102(6) The Collective's Two Powers of Representation 108(8) Verifying That the Essential Guarantees Have Been Maintained 116(5) A New Exteriority 121(7) 4. Skills for the Collective 128(56) The Third Nature and the Quarrel between the Two Eco Sciences 131(5) Contribution of the Professions to the Procedures of the Houses 136(28) The Work of the Houses 164(16) The Common Dwelling, the Oikos 180(4) 5. Exploring Common Worlds 184(37) Time's Two Arrows 188(6) The Learning Curve 194(6) The Third Power and the Question of the State 200(9) The Exercise of Diplomacy 209(8) War and Peace for the Sciences 217(4) Conclusion: What Is to Be Done? Political Ecology! 221(10) Summary of the Argument (for Readers in a Hurry...) 231(6) Glossary 237(14) Notes 251(36) Bibliography 287(14) Index 301