Transcranial stimulation comprises an important set of techniques for investigating brain function, some of which are showing the promise of treating disease. This book provides the definitive review of the scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation, for neuroscientists, neurologists, and psychiatrists. Section I: Physics and Biophysics of TMS 01(74) Charles M. Epstein Electromagnetism 03(4) Charles M. Epstein TMS waveform and current direction 07(6) Martin Sommer Walter Paulus TMS stimulator design 13(12) Mark Riehl TMS stimulation coils 25(8) Charles M. Epstein Magnetic field stimulation: the brain as a conductor 33(14) Kent Davey Lessons learned from magnetic stimulation of physical models and peripheral nerve In vitro 47(10) Paul J. Maccabee Vahe E. Amassian Direct current brain polarization 57(6) Eric M. Wassermann Transcranial electrical stimulation and intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract 63(12) Vedran Deletis Francesco Sala Sedat Ulkatan Section II: TMS Measures of Motor Cortical and Corticospinal Excitability: Physiology, Function, and Plasticity 75(160) Ulf Ziemann The size of motor-evoked potentials: influencing parameters and quantification 77(14) Kai M. Rosler Michel R. Magistris The cortical silent period 91(12) Alexander Wolters UlfZiemann Reiner Benecke Paired-pulse measures 103(16) Ritsuko Hanajima Yoshikazu Ugawa Evaluating the interaction between cortical inhibitory and excitatory circuits measured by TMS 119(16) Zafiris J. Daskalakis Robert Chen Pharmacology of TMS measures 135(18) Ulf Ziemann Transcranial stimulation measures explored by epidural spinal cord recordings 153(18) Vicenzo Di Lazzaro TMS measures and voluntary motor function 171(14) John C. Rothwell Changes in TMS measures induced by repetitive TMS 185(16) Joseph Classen Katja Stefan Neuroplasticity induced by transcranial direct current stimulation 201(18) Michael A. Nitsche Andrea Antal David Liebetanz Nicolas Lang Frithjof Tergau Walter Paulus Use-dependent changes in TMS measures 219(16) Cathrin M. Buetefisch Leonardo G. Cohen Section III: The Motor-evoked Potential in Health and Disease 235(174) Eric M. Wassermann The MEP in clinical neurodiagnosls 237(48) Friedhelm Sandbrink TMS in the perioperative period 285(44) Laverne D. Gugino Rafael Romero Marcella Rameriz Marc E. Richardson Linda S. Aglio TMS in movement disorders 329(8) Alfredo Berardelli Mark Hallett TMS: neurodevelopment and perinatal insults 337(20) Marjorie A. Garvey Using the TMS-induced motor-evoked potential to evaluate the neurophysiology of psychiatric disorders 357(20) Bertram Moller Andrea J. Levinson Zafiris J. Daskalakis TMS in migraine 377(12) Jean Schoenen Valentin Bohotin Alain Maertens de Noordhout Design and analysis of motor-evoked potential data in pediatric neurobehavioural disorder investigations 389(12) Donald L. Gilbert Inter- and intra-individual variation in the response to TMS 401(8) Eric M. Wassermann Section IV: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Perception and Cognition 409(128) Vincent Walsh TMS and visual awareness 411(20) Alan Cowey Higher visual cognition: search, neglect, attention, and eye movements 431(16) Jacinta O'Shea Matthew F. S. Rushworth Studies of crossmodal functions with TMS 447(16) Lotfi Merabet Alvaro Pascual-Leone Motor cognition: TMS studies of action generation 463(16) Simone Schutz-Bosbach Patrick Haggard Luciano Fadiga Laila Craighero Investigating language organization with TMS 479(22) Joseph T. Devlin Kate E. Watkins Higher cognitive functions: memory and reasoning 501(16) Simone Rossi Stefano F. Cappa Paolo Maria Rossini Mathematics and TMS 517(20) Elena Rusconi Carlo Umita Section V: TMS and Brain Mapping 537(72) Tomas Paus Combining brain imaging with brain stimulation: causality and connectivity 539(10) Tomas Paus TMS and positron emission tomography: methods and current advances 549(20) Hartwig R. Siebner Martin Peller Lucy Lee Concurrent TMS and functional magnetic resonance imaging: methods and current advances 569(24) Sven Bestmann Christian C. Ruff Jon Driver Felix Blankenburg TMS and electroencephalography: methods and current advances 593(16) Risto J. llmoniemi Jari Karhu Section VI: Therapeutic Applications of TMS 609(128) Sarah H. Lisanby Therapeutic potential of TMS-induced plasticity in the prefrontal cortex 611(10) Stanislav R. Vorel Sarah H. Lisanby Methodological issues in clinical trial design for TMS 621(12) Mark A. Demitrack Sarah H. Lisanby TMS in the treatment of major depressive disorder 633(28) Colleen Loo TMS in bipolar disorder 661(10) Nimrod Grisaru Bella Chudakov Alex Kaptsan Alona Shaldubina Julia Applebaum Robert Belmaker TMS clinical trials involving patients with schizophrenia 671(14) Ralph E. Hoffman Arielle D. Stanford TMS in the study and treatment of anxiety disorders 685(12) Benjamin Greenberg Sarah H. Lisanby Movement disorders 697(8) Mark Hallett Alfredo Berardelli Brain stimulation in neurorehabilitation 705(12) Friedhelm C. Hummel Leonardo G. Cohen TMS and pain 717(20) Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur Index 737