PREFACE viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION ix PART ONE THE SOCIAL DEVIANT 1 CHAPTER 1. THE PROCESS OF SOCIAL TYPING 7 Howard S. Becker, "Outsiders" 7 Druann Maria Heckert and Amy Best, "Redheads as Deviant Types" 9 Spencer E. Cahill and Robin Eggleston, "Wheelchair Users" 25 CHAPTER 2. THE CULTURAL CONTEXT 41 Jane R. Mercer, "Labeling the Mentally Retarded" 41 Martin S. Weinberg and Colin J. Williams, "Fecal Matters" 47 Kirsten Dellinger and Christine L. Williams, "The Labeling of Sexual Harassment" 60 CHAPTER 3. ACCOMMODATION TO DEVIANCE 76 Kathleen J. Ferraro and John M. Johnson, "How Women Experience Battering" 76 Michael Lynch, "Accommodation to Madness" 86 J. Scott Kenney, "When Accommodation Breaks Down" 96 CHAPTER 4. THE ROLE OF THIRD PARTIES 108 Earl Rubington, "The Enforcement of College Alcohol Policy" 108 Edwin M. Lemert, "Paranoia and the Dynamics of Exclusion" 118 Erving Goffman, "The Moral Career of the Mental Patient" 125 PART TWO THE FORMAL REGULATION OF DEVIANCE 135 CHAPTER 5. AGENCIES AND THEIR THEORIES 139 William B. Waegel, "Case Routinization in Investigative Police Work' 139 Kathryn J. Fox, "Control Agents and the Creation of Deviant Types" 151 Donileen R. Loseke and Spencer E. Cahill, "Experts on Battered Women" 165 CHAPTER 6. ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSING OF DEVIANTS 180 Edward W. Morris, "Discipline in an Urban School" 180 Lisa Frohmann, "Sexual Assault" 192 James A. Holstein, "Mental Illness Assumptions in Commitment Hearings" 204 CHAPTER 7. THE EFFECTS OF CONTACT WITH CONTROL AGENTS 219 William J. Chambliss, "The Saints and the Roughnecks" 219 Adina Nack, "Medical Diagnosis and the Reinforcement of Deviant Labels" 226 Nancy J. Herman and Charlene E. Miall, "The Positive Consequences of Stigma" 238 PART THREE RELATIONS AMONG DEVIANTS 251 CHAPTER 8. THE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF DEVIANCE 255 Joel Best and David F. Luckenbill, "Types of Relationships" 255 Patricia A. Adler and Peter Adler, "Self-Injurers as Loners" 268 Kenneth B. Muir and Trina Seitz, "Collegiate Rugby and Subcultural Deviance" 274 CHAPTER 9. ENTRY INTO DEVIANT GROUPS 282 Martin S. Weinberg, "Becoming a Nudist" 282 Martin Sanchez Jankowski, "Getting into Gangs" 294 Sharon A. Abbott, "Doing Porn" 309 CHAPTER 10. ACCULTURATION TO GROUP NORMS 316 Elijah Anderson, "The Code of the Streets" 316 Martin S. Weinberg, "The Nudist Management of Respectability" 326 Liahna Gordon, "Lesbians' Resistance to Culturally Defined Attractiveness" 335 CHAPTER 11. SOCIAL DIVERSITY 341 Curtis Jackson-Jacobs, "Crack Use on a College Campus" 341 Paul C. Higgins, "Outsiders in a Hearing World" 356 Stephen E. Lankenau, "Diversity in Panhandling" 366 PART FOUR DEVIANT IDENTITY 379 CHAPTER 12. ACQUIRING A DEVIANT IDENTITY 385 Martin S. Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, and Douglas W. Pryor, "Becoming Bisexual" 385 Penelope A. McLorg and Diane E. Taub, "Anorexia, Bulimia, and Developing a Deviant Identity" 393 Katherine Irwin, "Tattoos without Stigma" 402 CHAPTER 13. MANAGING A DEVIANT IDENTITY 417 Wayne Brekhus, "Modes of Suburban Gay Identity" 417 Hillary Twining, Arnold Arluke, and Gary Patronek, "Pit Bull Owners and Stigma" 422 DeAnn K. Gauthier, "Veterinarians' Deviance and Neutralization Techniques" 436 CHAPTER 14. TRANSFORMING DEVIANT IDENTITY 447 Robert Granfield and William Cloud, "Natural Recovery" 447 Ira Sommers, Deborah R. Baskin, and Jeffrey Fagan, "Getting Out of the Life" 460 Martin S. Weinberg, Colin J. Williams, and Bo Laurent, "Medicalizing and Demedicalizing Hermaphroditism" 471