PARKINSON'S DISEASE - D. Berg, R. Krüger, O. Rieß, and P. Riederer.- DIAGNOSIS AND NEUROPROTECTION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE - T. Müller.- UPDATE ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE GENETICS - R. Krüger, D. Berg, O. Rieß, and P. Riederer.- LRRK2-ASSOCIATED PARKINSONISM - M. Toft, M. J. Farrer, J. O. Aasly, D. W. Dickson, and Z. K. Wszolek.- GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILING IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: QUEST FOR NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUGS - O. Weinreb, T. Amit, E. Grünblatt, P. Riederer, M. Youdim, and S. Mandel.- NEUROPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS: OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A TARGET FOR NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES IN ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE - A. Huber, A. Bürkle, and G. Münch.- DRUG TREATMENT OF MOTOR SYMPTOMS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE - T. Müller.- PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY AND CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION - F. Geser, S. W. Scholz, and G. K. Wenning.- CENTRAL TREMORS - T. Glöckler and H. Reichmann.- MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF METHAMPHETAMINE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY: INSIGHTS OBTAINED THROUGH cDNA ARRAY ANALYSES - S. Jayanthi, M. T. McCoy, and J. L. Cadet.- HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE: UNRAVELING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CASCADE BEHIND A SINGULAR GENE DEFECT - C. M. Kosinski, B. Landwehrmeyer, and A. Ludolph.- DEMENTIA: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CEREBRAL METABOLIC DISTURBANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. RELATION TO PARKINSON'S DISEASE - S. Hoyer and L. Frölich.- PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF NEURODEGERATION - D. A. Butterfield and R. Sultana.- VASCULAR DEMENTIA - A. Cagnin and L. Battistin.- LEWY BODY DISORDERS - K. A. Jellinger.- GENE HUNTING BY SUBSTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION IN DOWN SYNDROME CORRELATION WITH PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS - O. Golubnitschaja and M. Fountoulakis.- HIV DEMENTIA: A NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER WITH VIRAL ETIOLOGY - E. Koutsilieri, G. Arendt, E. Neuen-Jacob, C. Scheller, E. Grünblatt, and P. Riederer.- MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS - H. Lassmann.- NEUROPATHIC PAIN - C. Briani, L. Padua, C. Pazaglia, and L. Battistin. PARKINSON'S DISEASE - D. Berg, R. Krüger, O. Rieß, and P. Riederer.- DIAGNOSIS AND NEUROPROTECTION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE - T. Müller.- UPDATE ON PARKINSON'S DISEASE GENETICS - R. Krüger, D. Berg, O. Rieß, and P. Riederer.- LRRK2-ASSOCIATED PARKINSONISM - M. Toft, M. J. Farrer, J. O. Aasly, D. W. Dickson, and Z. K. Wszolek.- GENE AND PROTEIN EXPRESSION PROFILING IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE: QUEST FOR NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUGS - O. Weinreb, T. Amit, E. Grünblatt, P. Riederer, M. Youdim, and S. Mandel.- NEUROPROTECTIVE MECHANISMS: OXIDATIVE STRESS AS A TARGET FOR NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPIES IN ALZHEIMER'S AND PARKINSON'S DISEASE - A. Huber, A. Bürkle, and G. Münch.- DRUG TREATMENT OF MOTOR SYMPTOMS IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE - T. Müller.- PROGRESSIVE SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY AND CORTICOBASAL DEGENERATION - F. Geser, S. W. Scholz, and G. K. Wenning.- CENTRAL TREMORS - T. Glöckler and H. Reichmann.- MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF METHAMPHETAMINE-INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY: INSIGHTS OBTAINED THROUGH cDNA ARRAY ANALYSES - S. Jayanthi, M. T. McCoy, and J. L. Cadet.- HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE: UNRAVELING THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CASCADE BEHIND A SINGULAR GENE DEFECT - C. M. Kosinski, B. Landwehrmeyer, and A. Ludolph.- DEMENTIA: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CEREBRAL METABOLIC DISTURBANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE. RELATION TO PARKINSON'S DISEASE - S. Hoyer and L. Frölich.- PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: NEW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS OF NEURODEGERATION - D. A. Butterfield and R. Sultana.- VASCULAR DEMENTIA - A. Cagnin and L. Battistin.- LEWY BODY DISORDERS - K. A. Jellinger.- GENE HUNTING BY SUBSTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION IN DOWN SYNDROME CORRELATION WITH PROTEOMICS ANALYSIS - O. Golubnitschaja and M. Fountoulakis.- HIV DEMENTIA: A NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDER WITH VIRAL ETIOLOGY - E. Koutsilieri, G. Arendt, E. Neuen-Jacob, C. Scheller, E. Grünblatt, and P. Riederer.- MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS - H. Lassmann.- NEUROPATHIC PAIN - C. Briani, L. Padua, C. Pazaglia, and L. Battistin. Preface v Contributors ix Parkinson's Disease 1(20) D. Berg R. Kruger O. Rieß P. Riederer Introduction 2(1) History 2(1) Clinical Manifestation 3(1) Diagnosis 4(2) Pathoanatomy 6(2) Histopathology 6(1) Pathoanatomy of the Basal Ganglia in PD 7(1) Factors Contributing to the Pathogenesis of PD 8(13) Aging 8(1) Oxidative Stress 9(1) Definition and Findings 9(1) Factors Contributing to the Generation of Oxidative Stress 10(1) Factors Diminishing Oxidative Stress 11(1) Mitochondrial Dysfunction 11(1) Impairment of Calcium Homeostasis and the Role of Glial Cells 12(1) Exotoxins 12(9) Diagnosis and Neuroprotection in Parkinson's Disease 21(10) T. Muller Introduction 22(1) Do Some Mild Depressive Symptoms Indicate the Onset of Neurodegeneration? 22(1) The Need for Tools for Early Diagnosis Before Onset of Motor Symptoms in PD 23(1) Neuroprotection Should Start in the Premotor Phase of PD 23(1) Neuroprotection 24(1) Neuroprotection Within the Dopaminergic System may Depend on Its Modulation 25(1) Did the Recent Trials on Neuroprotection Compare Physiologic Conditions? 26(1) Conclusion and Future Aspects 27(4) Update on Parkinson's Disease Genetics 31(14) R. Kruger D. Berg O. Rieß P. Riederer Introduction 32(1) Identified Disease Loci in Familial Parkinsonism 33(5) ?-Synuclein (PARK1/PARK4) 33(2) Parkin (PARK2) 35(1) UCH-L1 (PARK5) 35(1) PINK1 (PARK6) 36(1) DJ-1 (PARK7) 36(1) LRRK2 (PARK8) 37(1) Other Loci (PARK3, PARK9, PARK10, PARK11) 37(1) Susceptibility Genes 38(1) Tau 38(1) Neurofilament 38(1) Nurrl 39(1) Synphilin-1 39(1) Conclusions 39(6) LRRK2-Associated Parkinsonism 45(16) M. Toft M. J. Farrer J. O. Aasly D. W. Dickson Z. K. Wszolek Introduction 46(2) Familial Parkinsonism Linked to the PARK8 Locus 48(1) Structure, Function, and Molecular Genetics of LRRK2 49(1) LRRK2 Mutations and Parkinsonism 50(5) Pathogenic Mutations 51(1) Mutation Frequencies 51(1) Clinical Features 52(2) Neuropathology 54(1) LRRK2 and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders 55(1) Alzheimer's Disease 55(1) Progressive Supranuclear Palsy 56(1) Conclusions 56(5) Gene and Protein Expression Profiling in Parkinson's Disease: Quest for Neuroprotective Drugs 61(16) O. Weinreb T. Amit E. Grunblatt P. Riederer M. Youdim S. Mandel Introduction 62(1) Gene Expression Profiling in PD 63(5) Interpretation of Microarray Gene Profiling Results front Human PD Brains 68(1) Gene and Protein Expression Profiling of the Neuroprotective, Anti-PD Drug, Rasagiline 69(1) Transcriptomics and Proteomics in the Aging Brain 70(2) ``All Roads Lead to Rome'' 72(1) Conclusions and Future Directions 72(5) Neuroprotective Mechanisms: Oxidative Stress as a Target for Neuroprotective Therapies in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease 77(26) A. Huber A. Burkle G. Munch Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Growing Burden in the Aging Population 79(1) Neurodegenerative Disorders 79(2) Alzheimer's Disease 79(1) Symptoms 79(1) Epidemiology 80(1) Neuropathology and Biochemistry 80(1) Parkinson's Disease 81(1) Epidemiology and Symptoms 81(1) Neuropathology and Biochemistry 81(1) Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration 81(3) Oxidative Stress 81(1) Inflammation and Glia-Derived Oxidative Burst 81(1) Superoxide Production by Mitochondria 82(1) Reactive Oxygen Species 82(1) Superoxide 82(1) Hydrogen Peroxide 83(1) Hydroxyl Radical 83(1) Nitric Oxide 83(1) Overstimulation of Glutamate Receptors (Excitotoxicity) 84(1) Neuroprotection 85(18) Introduction to the Principles of Neuroprotection 85(1) Antioxidants 85(1) Vitamin C 85(2) Vitamin E 87(1) Lipoic Acid 88(1) Polyphenols 89(1) Flavanols (Catechins, Epicatechins) 90(2) Flavonols (Quercetin, Kaempferol) 92(1) Anthocyanins (Cyanidine and Others) 93(1) Hydroxystilbenes (Resveratrol) 93(1) Energy Supplementation 94(1) Creatine 94(1) Pyruvate 95(1) NMDA Antagonists 96(1) Function and Chemical Reactions 96(1) Neuroprotective Effects in Cell Culture and Animal Models 97(1) Neuroprotective Effects in Alzheimer and Parkinson Patients 97(6) Drug Treatment of Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease 103(20) T. Muller Introduction 104(1) Relevant Structures for Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission 104(1) Aims of Dopaminergic Substitution 105(1) Levodopa (LD) 105(3) Clinical Efficacy of LD 106(1) Side Effects of LD 106(1) Long-Term Motor Complications Dependent on LD Intake 106(1) Unpredictable Long-Term Motor Fluctuations Independent of LD Intake 106(1) Treatment of Fluctuations Depends on the Modes of LD Delivery to the Brain 107(1) Metabolic Changes in Long-Term Application of LD 107(1) Dopamine Agonists (DA) 108(2) Tolerability and Efficacy of DA 109(1) Long-Term Side Effects of DA 110(1) Further Compounds for Amelioration of Motor Symptoms in with Parkinson's Disease (PD) Patients 110(2) Amantadine 110(1) Anticholinergics 111(1) Adenosine A2a Receptor Antagonists 111(1) Budipine 111