A chronicle of the defeat of the Roman army by German barbarian forces cites the contributions of a Roman traitor that led to the brutal deaths of three Roman legions during the Battle of Teutoburg Forest and caused the Roman empire to cease its expansion, noting the battle's ongoing impact on cultural borders today. Reprint. 15,000 first printing. List of Illustrations 9(2) List of Maps 11(2) Important Dates 13(2) Preface 15(10) Ambushed! 25(5) Creation of the Legend 30(7) History and Archaeology of the Battle 37(19) Augustus: Rome's First Emperor 56(24) Varus and the Frontier 80(25) Arminius: The Native Hero 105(20) Warfare in Early Roman Europe: Prelude to the Battle 125(36) The Battle 161(16) The Horror: Death on the Battlefield 177(9) The Victors' Celebrations 186(14) The Immediate Outcome 200(13) The Meaning of the Battle 213(14) APPENDIXES 1. How an Archaeological Site Is Formed 221(1) 2. Roman Weapons Found at the Kalkriese Battle Site 222(1) 3. Museums, Roman Remains, and Archaeological Parks 223(4) Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading 227(12) Acknowledgments 239(2) Illustration Credits 241(2) Index 243