This comprehensive anthology of classic and contemporary readings by leading philosophers complements Robert Audi's Epistemology: A Contemporary Introduction (Routledge, 1997). Each topic is carefully introduced by the editor. Preface v Acknowledgements ix Introduction: A Narrative Survey of Classical and Contemporary Positions in Epistemology 1(26) PART I: SOURCES OF JUSTIFICATION AND KNOWLEDGE Perception 27(58) Essay Concerning Human Understanding 32(5) John Locke Of The Principles of Human Knowledge 37(9) George Berkeley ``Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy'' 46(5) David Hume Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man 51(13) Thomas Reid The Problems of Philosophy 64(10) Bertrand Russell Sense and Sensibilia 74(11) J.L. Austin Memory 85(40) ``Memory'' 88(3) Bertrand Russell ``A Definition of Factual Memory'' 91(13) Norman Malcolm ``Reasoning and Memory'' 104(9) John Pollock Joseph Cruz ``The Problem of Memory Knowledge'' 113(12) Michael Huemer Reason and the a Priori 125(92) Meno 131(11) Plato Critique of Pure Reason 142(10) Immanuel Kant The Problems of Philosophy 152(14) Bertrand Russell ``The Elimination of Metaphysics'' 166(10) A.J. Ayer ``Two Dogmas of Empiricism'' 176(18) W.V. Quine Philosophical Foundations of Physics 194(14) Rudolf Carnap ``Appendix: Non-Euelidean Geometry and Relativity'' 208(9) Laurence BonJour Testimony 217(36) Essay Concerning Human Understanding 219(2) John Locke ``Of Miracles'' 221(13) David Hume Inquiry into the Human Mind 234(5) Thomas Reid ``Testimony and Observation'' 239(14) C.A.J. Coady PART II: THE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF JUSTIFICATION AND KNOWLEDGE Inference in General 253(40) ``What the Tortoise said to Achilles'' 256(3) Lewis Carroll ``Inferential Justification and Empiricism'' 259(11) Richard Fumerton ``Of Scepticism with Regard to Reason'' 270(5) David Hume ``Distrusting Reason'' 275(18) Hilary Kornblith Inductive Inference 293(76) An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 298(13) David Hume ``Russell's Doubts about Induction'' 311(9) Paul Edwards ``The New Riddle of Induction'' 320(13) Nelson Goodman ``Induction, Explanation and Natural Necessity'' 333(11) John Foster Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach 344(8) Colin Howson Peter Urbach ``Another Attempt to Prove that Induction is Justified: The Law of Large Numbers'' 352(17) David Stove The Architecture of Knowledge 369(66) ``The Five Modes'' 372(3) Sextus Empiricus ``An Argument for Scepticism Concerning Justified Beliefs'' 375(12) I.T. Oakley The Structure of Empirical Knowledge 387(15) Laurence BonJour ``Has Foundationalism Been Refuted?'' 402(15) William Alston ``A Foundherentist Theory of Empirical Justification'' 417(18) Susan Haack PART III: THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF JUSTIFICATION AND KNOWLEDGE The Analysis of ``Knowledge'' 435(72) ``Knowing as Having the Right to be Sure'' 440(4) A.J. Ayer ``Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?'' 444(3) Edmund Gettier ``Knowledge and Grounds: A Comment on Mr. Gettier's Paper'' 447(3) Michael Clark ``A Causal Theory of Knowing'' 450(14) Alvin Goldman ``Knowledge: Undefeated Justified True Belief'' 464(11) Keith Lehrer Thomas Paxson ``Knowledge'' 475(16) Robert Nozick ``Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions'' 491(16) Keith DeRose Skepticism 507(106) Meditations on First Philosophy 513(11) Rene Descartes ``Brains in a Vat'' 524(15) Hilary Putnam ``The Pragmatic Dimension of Knowledge'' 539(13) Fred Dretske ``Skepticism and Closure: Why the Evil Genius Argument Fails'' 552(23) Peter Klein ``Direct Realism and the Brain-in-a-Vat Argument'' 575(15) Michael Huemer ``The Problem of the Criterion'' 590(12) Roderick Chisholm ``Proof of an External World'' 602(4) G.E. Moore ``Hume's Theory Examined'' 606(7) G.E. Moore Index 613