Interventions for students who exhibit challenging behavior Written by behavior specialists Kaye Otten and Jodie Tuttle who together have 40 years of experience working with students with challenging behavior in classroom settings this book offers educators a practical approach to managing problem behavior in schools. How to Reach and Teach Children with Challenging Behavior How to Reach and Teach Children with Challenging Behavior offers teachers classroom-proven approaches to help manage a wide variety of student behavior problems. Written by noted behavior specialists Kaye L. Otten and Jodie L. Tuttle, this practical resource is filled with useful guidelines, ready-to-use forms and worksheets, and teacher-tested tips. This comprehensive and easy-to-use guide gives educators the information and confidence they need to create and implement an effective classroom-wide behavior management program and: Collect data and shape ongoing behavior instruction with the use of helpful worksheets and graphs Develop engaging lessons and activities that support and promote students' positive behavior Help children learn to self-regulate and manage their own emotions and anger Work productively and collaboratively with parents of behavior-challenged students Partner successfully with fellow educators, school counselors, and administrators to solve behavior problems in the classroom This much-needed book outlines an efficient and effective intervention program that is based on research-backed approaches rooted in Positive Behavior Support (PBS) and Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA), the gold standards for classroom behavior management. Praise for How to Reach and Teach Children with Challenging Behavior "This book provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and addressing problem behavior in schools. Otten and Tuttle have translated complex evidence-based assessment and intervention strategies into clear and easy-to-follow steps, and offer an abundance of examples drawn from their many years of experience. This will serve as an excellent resource for special educators, behavioral consultants, and teacher assistance teams as they work toward building comprehensive positive behavior support plans for children and youth."--Tim Lewis, Ph.D., co-director, Office of Special Education Programs Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports "There is a compelling need for practical and teacher-friendly books on implementing evidence-based management and related support programs for challenging learners. Otten and Tuttle have written an easy-to-read resource built on a foundation of scientifically-supported methodologies. That they base much of their work on decades of practical experience with children and youth only adds to the appeal. This is a book that general and special educators alike will find very valuable."--Richard L. Simpson, Ed.D., professor of Special Education, University of Kansas About This Book. About the Authors. Acknowledgments. Foreword (John W. Maag). Preface. Part One: A Positive, Proactive Approach to Behavior Management. 1 A Case for Change. What s Wrong with Kids Today? What Happened to the Good Old Days? I Didn t Sign Up for This! Students with Behavior Problems Should Just Be Suspended! Punishment Works for Me! What Can We Do? Remove the Words Should and Shouldn t from Your Vocabulary. Limit the Time Spent Admiring the Problem . Strive to Understand the Perspectives of All Team Members and Stakeholders. Let Go of the Old Way of Doing Things. Expand Your Behavior Management Toolbox. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions. 2 Positive Behavior Support and Functional Behavioral Assessment for Educators. What Exactly Is Positive Behavior Support? Research Validated Practices. Enhancing the Capacity of Environments. A Three Tiered Model. What Exactly Is Functional Behavioral Assessment? Three Key Concepts of FBA. Setting Events. Triggering Antecedents. Maintaining Consequences. Common Functions of Problem Behavior. To Get Attention or a Reaction. To Get Something Tangible. To Obtain a Sense of Power or Control. To Meet a Sensory Need. To Communicate Feelings. As a Result of a Lack of Understanding. To Escape or Avoid Something. The Bottom Line on Functional Behavioral Assessment. Our Model of Intervention. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions. Part Two: Social Skills Instruction. 3 Teaching Social Skills: The Basics. Traditional Approaches to Social Skills Instruction. A Three Tiered Approach to Social Skills Instruction. Types of Social Skills Deficits. Skill Deficits. Performance Deficits. Fluency Deficits. Self Management: The Ultimate Goal. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 4 Group Social Skills Instruction. School and Classwide Social Skills Instruction. Class Meetings. Mini Lessons. Frequent Positive Feedback. Schoolwide and Classwide Expectations or Rules. Schoolwide and Classwide Routines. Important Schoolwide and Classwide Lessons. Small Group Social Skills Instruction. Choosing Curricula: A Case Study. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 5 Individualized Social Skills Instruction. What Behaviors Should be Focused on During Individualized Instruction? So What? Behavior. Identifying Replacement Behavior. Other Target Behaviors. Who Should Provide Individualized Instruction? When Should Individualized Instruction Take Place? Embedded into Existing Structures and Therapies. Check In. Precorrection. Behavior Tutoring Sessions. Incidental Teaching. How Should Individualized Instruction Be Delivered? Video Modeling. Social Stories. Commonly Overlooked Replacement Behaviors. Taking Appropriate Breaks. Negotiating Assignments. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. Part Three: Preventing Challenging Behavior. 6 Preventing Challenging Behavior: The Basics. Targeting Setting Events and Triggering Antecedents. Identifying Sources of Frustration. Developing a Positive Relationship. Be Consistent. Develop a Partnership. Focus on Frequent Positive Feedback. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions. 7 Assisting with Executive Functioning Tasks. Using Visual Supports. Organizational Helpers. Behavior Prompts. Visual Schedules. Transition Helpers. A Final Word About Visual Supports. Assistance with Other Executive Functioning Skills. Breaking Long Projects into Steps. Waiting to Be Called On. Staying on Task. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions. 8 Providing Appropriate and Engaging Academic Instruction. Differentiated Instruction. Providing Choices. Embedding Interests and Preferences. Writing Strategies. Scheduling. Learn How to Make a Table in a Word Processing Program. Schedule Things That Are Absolutely Inflexible First. Schedule the Major Core Academic Areas. Use Paraprofessionals Wisely and Appropriately. Make Sure You Get a Planning Time. Maintaining Academic Engagement. Failure Is Not an Option. Honor Roll. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. Part Four: Reinforcing Desired Behavior. 9 Reinforcing Desired Behavior: The Basics. Reinforcement Versus Rewards. Reinforcement Versus Bribery. How to Determine What Is Reinforcing for Students. Interviews and Surveys. Observations. Reinforcement Journals. Reinforcement Menus. Reinforcement Schedules: Determining How Much and How Often. Differential Reinforcement of Zero Rates of Behavior. Differential Reinforcement of Lower Rates of Behavior. Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior. Other Issues Surrounding Reinforcement. Setting Appropriate Criteria. Pairing Educators and School with Reinforcers. Deprivation. Teaching Peers to Reinforce Appropriately. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 10 Group Reinforcement Systems. Interdependent Group Oriented Contingencies. Student Teams. Interdependent Group Oriented Contingency Games. The Classwide Peer Assisted Self Management(CWPASM) Program. Independent Group Oriented Contingencies. Lottery Systems. Token Economies. The Importance of Tier 1 Reinforcement. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 11 Individual Reinforcement Systems. Target Behavior Sheets. Limit the Number of Skills. Individualize the Target Skills. Be Specific. Embed Visual Supports and Special Interests. Partner with the Student to Help Develop. Set Realistic Criteria. Let Students Keep Their Sheet With Them (If They Wish). Review Regularly with the Student. Use Turnaround Points. Use Bonus Points. Allow Students to Self Monitor When Ready. Communicate to Parents What Constitutes a Successful Day. Dependent Group Oriented Contingency. Level Systems. Structured Behavioral Skills Program: Daily Level System. Climbing the Ladder of Success. A Warning About Using Point and Level Systems. Token Boards. Contracts. Punch Cards. Positive Attention Trackers. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. Part Five: Using Undesirable Consequences. 12 Using Undesirable Consequences: The Basics. Problems with Punishment. Punishment Does Not Work in the Long Term. Punishment Does Not Teach the Student What to Do Instead. Punishment Encourages Negative Attitudes Toward School and Educators. Punishment Reduces Motivation to Learn Other Techniques. Natural and Logical Undesirable Consequences. Natural Undesirable Consequences. Logical Undesirable Consequences. The Three R s of Logical Consequences. Related. Reasonable. Respectful. Punishment Versus Logical Consequences. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 13 Common Logical Undesirable Consequences. Common Undesirable Consequences Continuum. Three Strikes. Response Cost or Fines. Wasted Time. Behavior Tutoring. Think Time. The Importance of Problem Solving. Consequence Maps. Alternatives to Out of School Suspension. In School Suspension. Red Schedule. Advantages of Alternatives to Out of School Suspension. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. Part Six: Putting It All Together. 14 Conducting Effective and Efficient Functional Behavioral Assessments. Step One: Operationally Define the Problem and Replacement Behaviors. Step Two: Collect Information. How Much Information Is Needed? How Do I Collect the Data? Step Three: Develop Hypotheses About Why the Problem Behavior Is Occurring. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 15 Designing and Implementing Effective and Efficient Behavior. Intervention Plans. Step 4: Design a Behavior Intervention Plan Based on the Functional. Behavioral Assessment. Step Five: Monitor and Adjust the Behavior Intervention Plan as Needed. Was the Plan Implemented as Written? Did Behavior Improve, and Was This. Improvement Maintained over Time? Key Points to Remember. Discussion Question. 16 Example Success Stories. Example 1: Joey. Functional Behavioral Assessment Worksheet. Behavior Intervention Plan Worksheet. Joey s Target Token Board (Front). Joey s Target Token Board (Back). Joey s Safe Note for Home. Joey s Fidelity Checklist. Joey s Data Sheet. Joey s Data Graphs. Example 2: Susan. Functional Behavioral Assessment Worksheet. Behavior Intervention Plan Worksheet. Susan s Self Monitoring Target Behavior Sheet. Susan s Reinforcement Menu. Susan s Consequence Map. Susan s Target Skill Progress Computation Sheet. Susan s Fidelity Checklist. Susan s Data Graphs. Example 3: Taylor. Functional Behavioral Assessment Worksheet. Behavior Intervention Plan Worksheet. Taylor s Stoplight. Taylor s Tower of Success. Taylor s Data Sheet. Taylor s Fidelity Checklist. Taylor s Data Graphs. Example 3: Malik. Functional Behavioral Assessment Worksheet. Behavior Intervention Plan Worksheet. Malik s Data Sheet. Malik s Consequence Map. Malik s Fidelity Checklist. Malik s Data Graphs. Part Seven: What About Dangerous Behavior? Managing Crises. 17 Intervening During the Escalation Cycle. Stage One. Stage Two. Stages Three. Stage Four. Stage Five. Stage Six. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. 18 Physical Restraint and Seclusion. Definitions. Historical Overview. Roots of the Problem. Current School Culture. Lack of Regulation Lack of Training. Lack of Research. Concern About Increase of More Aversive Options. Lack of Options. What Can Educators Do? Be Informed. Provide or Ask for Training. Commit to Positive Behavior Support in Philosophy and Practice. Monitor Use of Restraint and Seclusion. Key Points to Remember. Discussion Questions and Activities. Part Eight: Reproducible Tools. 1 Positive to Negative Ratio Data Sheet. 2 Break Pass. 3 Countdown Strips. 4 Chart Moves Frame. 5 Peer Comparison Data Form. 6 Consequence Map Template. 7 If Then Chart Template. 8 Notes Template for Functional Behavioral Assessment. 9 Functional Behavioral Assessment Summary Worksheet. 10 Behavior Intervention Plan Worksheet. Glossary. Notes. References. Author Index. Subject Index.