This revised second edition now extends to the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, covering the financial crisis and the related crisis in European integration, the impact of the "War on Terror" on Europe, and the redefinition of Europe following EU enlargement This revised second edition now extends to the end of the first decade of the twenty-first century, covering the financial crisis and the related crisis in European integration, the impact of the War on Terror on Europe, and the redefinition of Europe following EU enlargement. List of Maps xiList of Illustrations xiiAcknowledgments for the Second edition xiiiAcknowledgments for the First edition xivIntroduction: Europe's Troubles 11 The War and its Legacy 8Conquest and Occupation 8Collaboration 12Resistance 14Liberation, 1943-1945 17Neutral Europe 21The Human and Physical Cost 22Judgment 26Conclusion 292 Europe between the Powers, 1945-1953 30From Grand Alliance to Cold War, 1941-1947 30The German Question 35Marshall Aid and Economic Security 40NATO and the Defense of the West 44Culture and the Cold War 47Conclusion 503 Restoration, Reconstruction, and Revolution: Europe, 1945-1950 51A New Europe? 51Politics in Western Europe 53Western Europe: Reconstruction and Welfare 60Scandinavia: Paths to Security 62Southern Europe: Dictatorship and Civil War 64The Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe 67Between East and West: Finland, Austria, and Yugoslavia 72Conclusion 744 Consolidating Western Europe, 1950-1963 75Fears and Aspirations 75Towards Affluence: The Economy and Social Change 78From Korea to Berlin: The International Context 82"No Experiments": West Germany, Britain, and Italy 87France and Algeria 91Social Democratic Alternatives 94Conclusion 965 Western Europe in the 1960s 98The Cultural Divide 98The New Society: Economic and Social Change 103The Limits to Reform: Italy, West Germany, and Britain 106The Enigmatic Republic: France, 1958-1968 109Revolt: Students and Workers, 1967-1969 111The Persistence of Dictatorship: Spain, Portugal, and Greece 116Conclusion 1186 The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, from 1953 to the 1970s 120New Societies, Recurrent Crises 120Khrushchev and de-Stalinization 126The Crisis of 1956: Poland and Hungary 128The Start of the Brezhnev Era 131East European Alternatives: Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania 133From Prague Spring to Brezhnev Doctrine 136Conclusion 1397 Western Europe in the 1970s: Downturn and Détente 140The Era of Détente 140Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, 1969-1974 142The New Economic Insecurity 145West European Politics 148The Rise of Terrorism, c.1970-1981 152Intellectual and Cultural Developments 154Transitions: Spain, Portugal, and Greece 156Conclusion 1618 Western Europe in the 1980s: The Era of Thatcher, Mitterrand, and Kohl 162Towards the Post-Industrial Society 162Postmodern Cultures? 165The New Cold War 167Thatcher's Britain 168Mitterrand's France 171Helmut Kohl and West Germany 175Breaking the Mold? New Political Movements 179Southern Europe 181Conclusion 1859 European Integration: From Rome to Maastricht, 1957-1992 186Perspectives on Integration 186The Foundation of the EEC 192De Gaulle and the EEC, 1958-1969 194Stagnation, 1970-1984 197The Single European Act and "1992" 199Maastricht and After 202Conclusion 20410 The Fall of the Communist Regimes: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1980-1991 205"All that is solid melts into air" 205Poland and Solidarity, 1980-1981 208Gorbachev and Soviet Reform, 1985-1990 2111989: The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe 215German Reunifi cation, 1989-1990 219The End of the Soviet Union, 1990-1991 223Conclusion 22411 Europe after the Cold War 226Building Europe? 226West European Politics 230Troubled Waters: Italy and Germany 233Western Europe: The Economy and EMU 235Post-Communism: Eastern Europe and the Former USSR 237The Balkan Wars 242Conclusion 24612 Europe in the New Millennium 248Diversity and Union 248Memory and the "European Identity" 252The "War on Terror" and the Security of Europe 256West European Politics 259The Politics of Intolerance 264On Europe's Borders 266From Financial Crisis to European Crisis 269Conclusion 273Notes 275Guide to Further Reading 292Index 301