A compilation of international contributions from policy-makers, researchers, conservationists and forensic practitioners this text   provides   a summary of the history and mode of action of carbofuran, and  its current global use. This cutting-edge title is one of the first devoted entirely to the issue of carbofuran and wildlife mortality. It features a compilation of international contributions from policy-makers, researchers, conservationists and forensic practitioners and provides a summary of the history and mode of action of carbofuran, and its current global use. Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiContributor biographies xv1 An overview of the chemistry, manufacture, environmental fate and detection of carbofuran 1Stephen Donovan, Mark Taggart, Ngaio Richards1.1 Introduction 11.2 The chemistry and mode of action of carbofuran 11.3 Manufacture and formulation of carbofuran 41.4 Carbofuran in the environment 51.4.1 Carbofuran precursors, metabolism and degradation products 61.5 Analytical methods used to detect carbofuran 81.5.1 Principles of chromatography 81.6 Conclusions 172 Carbofuran: Toxicity, diagnosing poisoning and rehabilitation of poisoned birds 19Pierre Mineau, Stuart Porter, Carol Uphoff Meteyer2.1 Acute toxicity of carbofuran to birds and mammals 192.2 Exposure routes for the liquid formulation 222.3 Exposure routes for granular carbofuran formulations 232.3.1 Direct ingestion 232.3.2 Contaminated soil invertebrates 252.3.3 Contaminated soil/sediments 262.4 The time course of carbofuran intoxication 262.5 Physiological effects and signs of intoxication 272.6 Physical fi eld evidence and necropsy fi ndings in poisonings due to AChE inhibiting compounds with special emphasis on carbofuran 282.7 Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of a carbofuran kill 312.8 Rehabilitation of poisoned wildlife 332.9 Conclusion 343 A chronicling of long-standing carbofuran use and its menace to wildlife in Kenya 393.1 Introduction 39Joseph O. Lalah, Peter O. Otieno, Ngaio Richards3.2 Background on pesticide use and environmental monitoring in Kenya 43Joseph O. Lalah and Peter O. Otieno3.2.1 Furadan use in rice farming: how carbofuran fi rst gained entry into Kenya 433.2.2 Presence, persistence and degradation of carbofuran in Kenyan soils 463.2.3 General purchase and application of pesticides 483.2.4 General trends in use of pesticides in agricultural communities 493.3 Measuring the conservation threat that deliberate poisoning poses to birds in Kenya: The case of pesticide hunting with Furadan in the Bunyala Rice Irrigation Scheme 53Martin Odino3.3.1 Introduction 533.3.2 Methodology 543.3.3 Results of the study 573.3.4 Discussion 673.3.5 General conclusions 693.4 The role of carbofuran in the decline of lions and other carnivores in Kenya 70Laurence Frank, Alayne Cotterill, Stephanie Dolrenry, Leela Hazzah3.4.1 Background information 703.4.2 Use of poison to kill carnivores in Kenya 713.4.3 Methods used to assess repercussions to scavenging mammals 713.4.4 Results 723.4.5 Discussion 743.5 Threats of secondary Furadan poisoning to scavengers, especially vultures, in Kenya 74Darcy Ogada3.5.1 Misuse of Furadan to control farm pests 743.5.2 Effects of Furadan on vulture populations in Kenya 753.6 Forensic analysis of carbofuran in vultures and environmental samples collected from Laikipia and Isiolo districts 77Peter Otieno, Joseph O. Lalah, Munir Z. Virani3.6.1 Survey result 783.6.2 Analysis of environmental sample 783.6.3 Conclusions of the study 813.7 Repercussions of pesticides (including carbofuran) on nontarget, benefi cial insects and use of insects in forensic analyses in Kenya 81Dino J. Martins3.7.1 Studies on nontarget insects 813.7.2 Overview of insect diversity and abundance at a mammalian carcass: the use of insects in upcoming forensic investigations in Kenya 823.8 Analytical, legal and regulatory mechanisms in Kenya 84Joseph O. Lalah and Peter O. Otieno3.8.1 Analytical methodology required and research capacity available in Kenya 843.8.2 Legislation and regulation of pesticides in Kenya 853.9 General conclusions on carbofuran use, misuse and monitoring in Kenya 87Joseph Lalah and Peter Otieno4 Mitigating human-wildlife confl ict and retaliatory poisonings in India to preserve biodiversity and maintain sustainable livelihoods 99Venkataramanan, R. and Sreekumar, C.4.1 Introduction 994.2 Conservation measures and human-wildlife confl icts 1004.3 Types of human-wildlife confl ict 1014.4 Regulation and management of human-wildlife confl ict 1054.5 Use of carbofuran in India 1094.6 Use of carbofuran in relation to other compounds 1104.7 Diagnosing carbofuran poisoning in India 1104.8 Forensic facilities and analyses in India 1124.9 Case studies: use of carbofuran for poisoning in relation to other compounds 1134.9.1 Accidental exposure 1134.9.2 Misuse of carbofuran 1154.9.3 Deliberate poisoning using carbofuran and other compounds 1164.10 Potential short and long-term solutions 1214.10.1 Alternatives to carbofuran 1214.10.2 Should carbofuran be banned in India? 1224.11 Mitigation of human-wildlife confl icts 1234.11.1 Habitat conservation 1234.11.2 Community-based solutions 1254.11.3 Compensation for loss of property 1254.12 Conclusion 1275 Regulation of carbofuran and its use to poison wildlife in the European Union and the rest of Europe 1325.1 Introduction 1325.2 Intentional poisoning of piscivorous species and other wildlife with carbofuran in the Czech Republic 135Lukás Poledník, Katerina Poledníková, Jitka Vetrovcová, Václav Hlavác5.2.1 Introduction 1365.2.2 Poisoning of wildlife by carbofuran and its detection within the Czech Republic 1365.2.3 Legal and institutional framework against wildlife poisoning in the Czech Republic 1385.3 Persecution and poisoning of birds of prey in the Netherlands 139Hugh Jansman, Peter van Tulden5.3.1 Introduction 1395.3.2 The scale of carbofuran use to poison wildlife, especially birds of prey, in the Netherlands 1405.3.3 Detection of carbofuran and other compounds in wildlife carcasses 1425.3.4 Recommendations 1425.4 Initiatives underway to protect wildlife from carbofuran poisoning in Austria 144Christian Pichler, Hermann Ammer5.4.1 Introduction 1435.4.2 Initiatives underway to generate awareness, about, and monitor incidents of, carbofuran-related wildlife mortality in Austria 1445.4.3 Toxicological analysis of wildlife carcasses in Austria 1465.4.4 Conclusions 1465.5 Use of specialised canine units to detect poisoned baits and recover forensic evidence in Andalucía (Southern Spain) 147Iñigo Fajardo, Antonio Ruiz, Irene Zorrilla, Antonio Valero, Isabel Fernández, Ernesto Sáez, F.M. Molino, Jesús Olivares5.5.1 Introduction 1475.5.2 Integration of canine units in the anti-poisoning strategy of the Government of Andalucía 1495.5.3 Use of forensic procedures and techniques in the field and the laboratory 1515.5.4 Conclusions 1555.6 Sociopolitical and rural infl uences on the management and monitoring of carbofuran and its use to poison wildlife in Hungary 155Péter Bedo5.6.1 Introduction 1555.6.2 Incidents of carbofuran-related wildlife mortality in Hungary 1565.6.3 Analysis of wildlife samples for poisons and other incidents of poisoning in Hungary 1565.6.4 Conclusions 1575.7 Leisure-based human-wildlife confl icts arising from the introduction of game species and repercussions to vultures across Croatia 157Gordana Pavokovic5.7.1 Introduction 1575.7.2 Past registration and current use in Croatia 1605.7.3 The use of carbofuran as a poison in relation to other compounds in Croatia 1605.7.4 Threats to biodiversity, livelihoods and tourism on the Croatian islands 1645.7.5 Nature protection and analytical capacity in Croatia 1675.7.6 Recommended steps to address the current threat posed by carbofuran 1686 Perspectives on wildlife poisoning by carbofuran in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland - with a particular focus on Scotland 1716.1 An overview of the registration and withdrawal of carbofuran products 1716.2 An overview of human-wildlife confl icts in the UK and ROI 1736.3 The effect of carbofuran poisoning and other illegal persecution methods on raptor populations in Scotland 174Ruth E. Tingay6.4 A landowner's perspective on wildlife poisoning in Scotland 178Douglas McAdam6.5 Monitoring carbofuran abuse in Scotland 181Michael J. Taylor6.5.1 Introduction 1816.5.2 The impact of carbofuran abuse in Scotland 1826.5.3 Analytical methodology and recent developments 1836.5.4 Conclusion and discussion 1857 A Latin American perspective: the environmental impact of farming wheat and rice treated with carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds 189Alexandre de Almeida and Álvaro Fernando de Almeida7.1 Introduction 1897.2 Materials and methods 1927.3 Results and discussion: biological aspects of the environmental impact caused by carbofuran and Rhodamine B on Brazilian wild birds 1957.3.1 Alternatives and mitigation 2007.3.2 Avian mortality and some aspects that infl uence this estimate 2018 Impacts of carbofuran on birds in Canada and the United States 208Pierre Mineau, Linda Lyon, Stella McMillin8.1 Introduction and short registration history of carbofuran in North America 2088.2 Impacts from the sandcore (silica) granular formulations 2108.2.1 Supervised fi eld trials and surveillance exercises 2108.2.2 Reported incidents where the product was applied according to label directions 2148.3 Impacts from the corncob granular formulation 2228.3.1 Supervised fi eld trials 2238.3.2 Reported incidents 2248.4 Impacts from the fl owable (liquid) formulation 2258.4.1 Industry-supervised fi eld trials 2278.4.2 Field studies of carbofuran used as a grasshopper insecticide 2308.4.3 Monitoring programmes in US cotton 2348.4.4 Incidents 2358.5 Evidence for secondary poisoning impacts with any formulation type 2418.6 Impacts resulting from abuse cases regardless of formulation 2428.7 Conclusions 2439 Conclusions, recommendations and the way forward 251Ngaio Richards9.1 Wildlife mortality stemming from intentional misuse and legal/labelled use of carbofuran 2519.2 Overall recommendations and the way forward 2539.2.1 Address and mitigate the root causes of human-wildlife confl ict 2539.2.2 Increase grassroots educational initiatives 2549.2.3 Enhance analytical capacity and increase sampling, testing and monitoring efforts 2549.2.4 Conduct studies in critical but currently under-represented subjects 2559.2.5 Coordinate international monitoring and conservation efforts 2569.2.6 Address outstanding policy and accountability issues 256Appendix 260References 261Index 263