This book is truly groundbreaking in its focus, theoretical contributions, and methodological innovations. Stephanie Balkwill's deft treatment of Buddhism, gender, and ethnic difference in the Northern Wei court of Empress Dowager Ling will surely serve as a model for other scholars.--Megan Bryson, author of Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China Balkwill's penetrating scholarship greatly enlarges our understanding of two often-ignored and deeply intertwined aspects of rulership in East Asia: women and Buddhism. This book explores the powerful role that women played in Northern Wei politics and how Buddhism provided a new repertoire for enlarging their roles, especially in the more populist forms favored by the Empress Dowager. A revealing, thought-provoking read.--Andrew Chittick, author of The Jiankang Empire in Chinese and World History Employing a wide range of sources, Balkwill persuasively argues that Dowager Empress Hu paved the way for Wu Zetian to become China's only female emperor. Both pastoral nomadic customs, which respected female agency and authority, and Buddhism, which provided women with autonomy and leadership opportunities, created this new path to power.--Keith N. Knapp, Professor of East Asian History at The Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina