Examining a series of processes (Islamization, Arabization, Africanization) and case studies from Africa, this book gives snapshots of Muslim societies over the last millennium. Concluding with chapters on the Mahdi and Khalifa of the Sudan, the Murid Sufi movement, and reflections in the wake of September 11, 2001. Part I. Introduction: the Foundations: 1. Muhammad and the birth of Islam 2. The basic institutions of the faith Part II. Explorations in the Islamic Identities of Africa: 3. The Islamization of Africa 4. The Africanization of Islam 5. Muslim identity and the Slave Trades 6. Western views of Africa and Islam Part III. Extended Case Studies: Muslim Societies in Old Nation-States of Africa: 7. Morocco: Muslims in a Muslim nation 8. Ethiopia Muslims in a Christian Nation Part IV. Muslim Societies in Pre-Colonial Africa: 9. Asante and Kumasi: a Muslim minority in a sea of Paganism 10. Sokoto and Hausaland: Jihad within the Dar al-Islam Part V. Muslim Societies in Colonial Africa: 11. Buganda: religious competition for the Kingdom 12. The Mahdi and competing imperialisms 13. The Muridiyya: a Sufi Brotherhood under French Colonial rule Conclusion.