Moving beyond the limited focus of the individual strategic theorist or the great military leader, this book concentrates instead on the processes by which rulers and states have formed strategy. Seventeen case studies analyze through a common framework how strategies have sought to implement a coherent course of action against their adversaries. 24 line drawings. 31 tables An analysis of how rulers and states from the fifth century BC to the present day have formulated their strategic choices. The case studies range from fifth-century Athens to Hitler's Germany, from Ming China to Israel and the post-war world order. Introduction: on strategy Williamson Murray and Mark Grimsley 1. Athenian strategy in the Peloponnesian War Donald Kagan 2. The strategy of a warrior state: Rome and the wars against Carthage, 264-201 BC Alvin H. Bernstein 3. Chinese strategy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries Arthur Waldron 4. The making of strategy in Habsburg Spain: Philip II's 'bid for mastery', 1556-1598 Geoffrey Parker 5. The origins of a global strategy: England to 1713 William S. Maltby 6. A quest for glory: the formation of strategy under Louis XIV, 1661-1715 John A. Lynn 7. To the edge of greatness: the United States, 1783-1865 Peter Maslowski 8. Strategic uncertainties of a nation state: Prussia-Germany, 1871-1918 Holger H. Herwig 9. The weary titan: strategy and policy in Great Britain, 1890-1918 John Gooch 10. The strategy of the decisive weight: Italy, 1882-1992 Brian R. Sullivan 11. The road to ideological war: Germany, 1918-1945 Wilhelm Deist 12. The collapse of empire: British strategy, 1919-1945 Williamson Murray 13. The strategy of innocence? The United States, 1920-1945 Eliot A. Cohen 14. The illusion of security: France, 1919-1940 Robert A. Doughty 15. Strategy for class war: the Soviet Union, 1917-1941 Earl F. Ziemke 16. The evolution of Israeli strategy: the psychology of insecurity and the quest for absolute security Michael I. Handel 17. Strategy in the Nuclear Age: the United States, 1945-1991 Colin S. Gray Conclusion: continuity and revolution in the making of strategy MacGregor Knox.