Examining the sentencing procedures internationally, domestically, and locally, this book examines how people who commit atrocities should be treated in regards to international law. Looking at Rwanda, Uganda, East Timor, and others, Dr Drumbl examines the ways that international law is or is not carried out in international settings. Preface and Acknowledgments xi List of Abbreviations xv 1 Extraordinary Crime and Ordinary Punishment: An Overview 1 (I) Extraordinary Crime 3 (II) Ordinary Process and Punishment 6 (III) Punishment in International and National Institutions 11 (IV) Deconstruction: The Disconnect between Aspirations of Punishment and Realities of Sentence 15 (V) ...and Reconstitution 18 (VI) Conclusion 21 2 Conformity and Deviance 23 (I) Perpetrators and Beneficiaries 25 (II) Conformity, Transgression, and the Group 29 (III) Posttraumatic Liberalism Disorder 35 (IV) Victims 41 (V) Conclusion: Law on Borrowed Stilts 44 3 Punishment of International Crimes in International Criminal Tribunals 46 (I) Positive Law Frameworks of Contemporary Institutions 50 (II) Sentencing Practice 55 (III) Penological Justification and Implementation: The Jurisprudence 59 a. Why Punish? 6o b. What Factors to Consider in Punishing? 63 (IV) Conclusion 66 4 Punishment of International Crimes in National and Local Criminal Justice Institutions 68 (I) Rwanda 71 a. National Courts in Rwanda, Including Specialized Chambers 73 b. Foreign National or Military Courts 83 c. Gacaca 85 (II) Former Yugoslavia 99 a. Positive Law Frameworks 99 b. Courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina 105 c. Courts in Serbia 106 d. Courts in Croatia 107 e. Foreign Courts 109 (III) World War II 110 a. Immediate Aftermath of the War 112 b. From the 196os Onward 115 (IV) Conclusion 121 5 Legal Mimicry 123 (I) Transplants and Legal Geologies 125 (II) Externalization of Justice 127 (III) Democratic Deficits 133 (IV) Referrals 138 (V) Complementar4 141 (VI) Conclusion 147 6 Quest for Purpose 149 (I) Retribution 150 a. Selectivity 151 b. Severity of Sanction and Discretion of Sentencing Judges 154 (1) Overwhelming Gravity of the Crimes 155 (2) Treatment of High-Level Offenders 157 (3) Variability in Sentencing 161 c. Plea Bargaining 163 (II) Deterrence 169 (III) Expressivism 173 a. Selective Truths 176 b. Interrupted Performances 177 c. Management Strategies 178 d. Pleading Out 179 (IV) Conclusion 180 7 From Law to Justice 181 (I) Pluralist Process for Universal Evil? 182 (II) Cosmopolitan Theory 185 (III) Vertical Authority Allocations: A Case for Qualified Deference 187 (IV) Horizontal Dimensions: Obligation in Multiple Orders 194 (V) Conclusion 205 8 Conclusion: Some Immediate Implications 206 (I) Legal Institutions and Jurisprudence 207 (II) Political Institutions and Behavior 209 (III) Closing Note: Critique and Renewal 200 Notes 211 Index 285