"In this broad and brilliant book, Cooper examines a politically burning issue and impressively shows that from the early Roman Empire onward, the solidarity of citizenship has always coexisted with social hierarchy and political oligarchy. All around the world today, citizenship and the idea of belonging to some sort of political collectivity continue to be subjects of debate and struggle."--Andreas Eckert, Humboldt University of Berlin"Armed with a cosmopolitan range of historical inquiry, Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference profoundly deepens our understanding of the character of citizenship. Taking readers on a fascinating journey that extends from ancient Greece and Rome through early modern empires to the postcolonial nation-state, this book deftly examines the tensions between various ideals of citizenship and the lived reality of social differentiation within and between states."--Richard Bourke, author of Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke"From the Roman Republic to the present, citizenship has always been circumscribed and stratified--but it has also afforded what Cooper calls 'the right to claim rights.' Whether under empire or nation, citizenship has brought forth necessary contention, with never fully predictable outcomes. The relevance of Cooper's breathtakingly ambitious and masterfully told story to our age of inequality within and among nations is unmistakable."--Samuel Moyn, Yale University"Expansive in its intellectual terrain and efficient in its pointed insights, this incisive book is required reading for all scholars of citizenship. Cooper distills the complex layers of Roman citizenship into a compelling narrative about empire and membership that he threads through a discussion of modern and contemporary citizenship in colonial and postcolonial nation-states. Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference offers a clarifying lens for understanding this critical and multifaceted concept."--Elizabeth F. Cohen, Syracuse University "This is a significant book by a master historian. It represents the accumulated wisdom of a long career spent thinking deeply about the fundamental issues of human community."--Dirk Moses, University of Sydney "Through lucid and astute meditations about many different periods and parts of the world, Cooper deftly lays the groundwork for a new framework on the concept of citizenship. This ambitious book is a tour de force."--Mrinalini Sinha, University of Michigan