This book traces the origins of a faith--perhaps the faith of the century. Modern revolutionaries are believers, no less committed and intense than were Christians or Muslims of an earlier era. Introduction to the Transaction Edition vii(6) Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 3(14) BOOK I FOUNDATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY FAITH: THE LATE EIGHTEENTH AND EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURIES 17(111) 1 Incarnation 17(7) The Idea of Revolution The Fact of Revolution 2 A Locus of Legitimacy 24(30) The Cafes of the Palais-Royal Nicholas Bonneville and Oracular Journalism The Fields of Festival 3 The Objects of Belief 54(32) Liberty: The Republican Ideal Fraternity: The Rise of Nationalism Equality: The Vision of Community 4 The Occult Origins of Organization 86(42) Buonarroti: The First Apostle The Pythagorean Passion The Philadelphian Fantasy BOOK II THE DOMINANCE OF THE NATIONAL REVOLUTIONARIES: THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY 128(239) 5 The Conspiratorial Constitutionalists (1815-25) 128(18) The Forest Fraternity International Echoes Russian Reprise Mediterranean Diaspora 6 National vs. Social Revolution (1830-48) 146(45) The Dominant Nationalists The Rival Social Revolutionaries 7 The Evolutionary Alternative 191(17) Lafayette and the Lost Liberals Fazy and the Swiss Success Societies without Revolutionaries 8 Prophecy: The Emergence of an Intelligentsia 208(35) The Saint-Simonians The Hegelians The Clash of Isms in 1848 9 The Early Church (the 1840s) 243(44) Credo: Communism Ecclesia: A New Party 10 Schism: Marx vs. Proudhon 287(19) The Clash of Men Enduring Issues 11 The Magic Medium: Journalism 306(18) The French Awakening Ideological Journalism in Germany and Russia 12 The Waning of Revolutionary Nationalism The Last Heroes Mass Journalism Napoleon III and Imperialism The Paris Commune Marx vs. Bakunin The Lost Romance BOOK III THE RISE OF THE SOCIAL REVOLUTIONARIES: THE LATE NINETEENTH AND EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURIES 367(138) 13 The Machine: German Social Democracy 367(19) Lassallean Origins Kautskian Orthodoxy The Struggle with Revisionism 14 The Bomb: Russian Violence 386(33) The Slogans of the Sixties The Banner of the Seventies The Lasting Legacy 15 Revolutionary Syndicalism 419(24) The General Strike The Fascist Mutation The Western Frontier 16 The Path of Power: Lenin 443(39) The German Legacy Russian Roots The Master Builder The Symbiosis of Extremes 17 The Role of Women 482(23) The French The Russians The Germans Rosa Luxemburg Epilogue: Beyond Europe 505(6) NOTES 511(142) INDEX 653