Following World War II, the American Military Tribunal indicted twenty-three Nazi doctors and administrators for performing agonizing and often fatal experiments on helpless concentration camp inmates. Using primarily court records, this book attempts to answer the following salient questions: What sort of medical experiments did the Nazi doctors perform? Who were their victims, and what was their fate? What, if any, were the medical results? What legal charges were brought against the doctors, and what was their defense? Who were the witnesses? Did the defendants try to reconcile their brutal acts with the Hippocratic Code never to do harm, or were they devoid of any medical ethics? Did they constitute dishonorable exceptions to a principled German medical profession, or were they symptomatic of a more widespread disregard for traditional medical ethics? In trying to answer these questions, Horst H. Freyhofer gives the reader the opportunity to follow the exchanges between prosecutors and defendants as well as the final reasoning of the court. Following World War II, the American Military Tribunal indicted twenty-three Nazi doctors and administrators for performing agonizing and often fatal experiments on helpless concentration camp inmates. Using primarily court records, this book attempts to answer the following salient questions: What sort of medical experiments did the Nazi doctors perform? Who were their victims, and what was their fate? What, if any, were the medical results? What legal charges were brought against the doctors, and what was their defense? Who were the witnesses? Did the defendants try to reconcile their brutal acts with the Hippocratic Code never to do harm, or were they devoid of any medical ethics? Did they constitute dishonorable exceptions to a principled German medical profession, or were they symptomatic of a more widespread disregard for traditional medical ethics? In trying to answer these questions, Horst H. Freyhofer gives the reader the opportunity to follow the exchanges between prosecutors and defendants as well as the final reasoning of the court. Introduction: Approaches to Representing the Subject 1(8) The Road to Nuremberg 9(34) The Nuremberg Medical Trial: A Symbol of Broken Trust 9(2) The Hippocratic Tradition and Its Modern Challenges 11(4) Human Experimentation Before the Outbreak of Global War 15(3) Collective Versus Individual Health After World War I: The Primacy of Ideology 18(6) German Medicine After the Outbreak of World War II 24(2) German Medical Experiments During World War II 26(11) Rescue of Fliers and Sailors 27(2) Treatment of War Injuries 29(2) Reconstructive Surgery 31(1) Controlling Epidemics 32(1) Biochemical Warfare 33(1) Eugenic Experiments 34(3) The Jewish Skeleton Collection 37(1) Medical Results of the Experiments 38(5) The Trial---A Legal Analysis 43(64) The Precedent: The Major Trial Before the International Military Tribunal 43(5) The Medical Trial 48(38) Preparing the Trial 48(2) The Defendants 50(9) Count One: Crimes Against Peace---Conspiracy 59(3) Count Two: War Crimes 62(13) Count Three: Crimes Against Humanity 75(6) Count Four: Membership in Criminal Organizations 81(4) Verdicts and Sentences 85(1) The Trial in Review: How Fair, How Just, How Competent? 86(17) The Nuremberg Code 103(4) The Trial---An Ethical Analysis 107(60) Theoretical Background for an Overdue Debate 107(13) Medical Ethics: Hippocrates and National Socialism 120(34) Use and Abuse of Experimental Data 154(13) Epilogue 167(4) Illustrations 171(14) Notes 185(12) Bibliography 197(8) Index 205