This general reader in social psychology takes a nonreductionistic approach to the discipline and is characterized by a multiplicity of perspectives. It is ordered in terms of levels of analysis whereby social phenomena can be understood, starting with the biological level. About the Editors xii Acknowledgments xiii Preface xvii Topic Guide xix PART 1 The Biological System 1(42) The Evolutionary Psychology of Human Social Behavior Mate Preferences in 37 Cultures 3(6) David M. Buss Social Neuroscience Social Psychological Contributions to the Decade of the Brain: Doctrine of Multilevel Analysis 9(14) John T. Cacioppo Gary G. Berntson Social Psychosomatics Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health 23(20) Shelley E. Taylor Jonathon D. Brown PART 2 The Cognitive System 43(122) Expectancies The Warm-Cold Variable in First Impressions of Persons 45(6) Harold H. Kelley The Nonverbal Mediation of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies in Interracial Interaction 51(9) Carl O. Word Mark P. Zanna Joel Cooper Social Hypothesis Testing: Cognitive and Motivational Mechanisms Hypothesis-Testing Processes in Social Interaction 60(13) Mark Snyder William B. Swann, Jr. Knowledge Activation: Accessibility, Applicability and Salience Category Accessibility and Impression Formation 73(10) E. Tory Higgins William S. Rholes Carl R. Jones Automaticity in Social Psychology Automatic Information Processing and Social Perception: The Influence of Trait Information Presented Outside of Conscious Awareness on Impression Formation 83(14) John A. Bargh Paula Pietromonaco Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components 97(17) Patricia G. Devine Principles of Mental Representation Cognitive Organization of Impressions: Effects of Incongruency in Complex Representations 114(19) David L. Hamilton Denise M. Driscoll Leila T. Worth Explanations: Processes and Consequences Attribution Theory in Social Psychology 133(15) Harold H. Kelley Effortfulness and Flexibility of Dispositional Judgment Processes 148(17) Yaacov Trope Thomas Alfieri PART 3 Personal and Motivational Systems 165(170) Principles of Self-Regulation: The Nature of Willpower and Self-Control Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View 167(18) Charles S. Carver Michael F. Scheier Self-Discrepancies and Emotional Vulnerability: How Magnitude, Accessibility, and Type of Discrepancy Influence Affect 185(17) E. Tory Higgins Ronald N. Bond Ruth Klein Timothy Strauman Delay of Gratification in Children 202(10) Walter Mischel Yuichi Shoda Monica L. Rodriguez Goal Effects on Action and Cognition Goals: An Approach to Motivation and Achievement 212(11) Elaine S. Elliott Carol S. Dweck Deliberative and Implemental Mind-Sets: Cognitive Tuning toward Congruous Thoughts and Information 223(14) Peter M. Gollwitzer Heinz Heckhausen Birgit Steller The Psychology of Evaluation On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes 237(14) Russell H. Fazio David M. Sanbonmatsu Martha C. Powell Frank R. Kardes The Definition of Self: Private and Public Self-Evaluation Management Strategies 251(12) Abraham Tesser Del Paulhus Feelings and Phenomenal Experiences Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative and Directive Functions of Affective States 263(10) Norbert Schwarz Gerald L. Clore Processing Deficits and the Mediation of Positive Affect in Persuasion 273(20) Diane M. Mackie Leila T. Worth Mental Control The Hyperaccessibility of Suppressed Thoughts 293(12) Daniel M. Wegner Ralph Erber Motivated Social Cognition Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories 305(15) Ziva Kunda The Freezing and Unfreezing of Lay-Inferences: Effects on Impressional Primacy, Ethnic Stereotyping, and Numerical Anchoring 320(15) Arie W. Kruglanski Tallie Freund PART 4 The Interpersonal System 335(182) Attachment and Intimacy: Component Processes Models of the Self and Other: Fundamental Dimensions Underlying Measures of Adult Attachment 337(20) Dale Griffin Kim Bartholomew Love and Work: An Attachment-Theoretical Perspective 357(14) Cindy Hazan Phillip R. Shaver Interdependence Processes Development of Prosocial, Individualistic, and Competitive Orientations: Theory and Preliminary Evidence 371(19) Paul A. M. Van Lange Ellen M. N. De Bruin William Otten Jeffery A. Joireman Social Support The Role of Loneliness and Social Support in Adjustment to Loss: A Test of Attachment versus Stress Theory 390(13) Wolfgang Stroebe Margaret Stroebe Georgios Abakoumkin Henk Schut Conflict in Close Relationships Seeing Virtues in Faults: Negativity and the Transformation of Interpersonal Narratives in Close Relationships 403(21) Sandra L. Murray John G. Holmes Social Psychological Models of Interpersonal Communication ``Inner Speech'' and ``External Speech'': Characteristics and Communication Effectiveness of Socially and Nonsocially Encoded Messages 424(7) Robert M. Krauss P. S. Vivekananthan Sidney Weinheimer Achieving ``Shared Reality'' in the Communication Game: A Social Action That Creates Meaning 431(14) E. Tory Higgins The Cognitive Functions of Linguistic Categories in Describing Persons: Social Cognition and Language 445(16) Gun R. Semin Klaus Fiedler Principles of Persuasion Heuristic versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source versus Message Cues in Persuasion 461(13) Shelly Chaiken Personal Involvement as a Determinant of Argument-Based Persuasion 474(11) Richard E. Petty John T. Cacioppo Rachel Goldman Persuasion by a Single Route: A View from the Unimodel 485(32) Arie W. Kruglanski Erik P. Thompson PART 5 Group and Cultural System 517(100) Conflict in Groups Differential Contributions of Majority and Minority Influence 519(15) Charlan Jeanne Nemeth Group Socialization: Theory and Research 534(14) John M. Levine Richard L. Moreland Social Identification Comments on the Motivational Status of Self-Esteem in Social Identity and Intergroup Discrimination 548(14) Dominic Abrams Michael A. Hogg Relationship Between Social and Personal Identities: Segregation or Integration? 562(12) Anne Reid Kay Deaux The Construction of Social Norms and Standards The Perpetuation of an Arbitrary Tradition through Several Generations of a Laboratory Microculture 574(10) Robert C. Jacobs Donald Campbell Pluralistic Ignorance and Alcohol Use on Campus: Some Consequences of Misperceiving the Social Norm 584(18) Deborah A. Prentice Dale T. Miller Cultural and ``Basic'' Psychological Principles A Collective Fear of the Collective: Implications for Selves and Theories of Selves 602(15) Hazel Rose Markus Shinobu Kitayama Appendix: How to Read a Journal Article in Social Psychology 617(10) Christian H. Jordan Mark P. Zanna Author Index 627(16) Subject Index 643