The newly updated and expanded A History of the Archaic Greek World provides theme-based coverage of the years 1200–479 BCE. By revisiting the evidence from the period with a critical and analytical eye, Jonathan M. Hall gives the reader the opportunity to investigate at first hand this crucial formative period of Greek history. The newly updated and expanded A History of the Archaic Greek World provides theme-based coverage of the years 1200 479 BCE. By revisiting the evidence from the period with a critical and analytical eye, Jonathan M. List of Maps List of Figures List of Documents Preface Timeline 1 The Practice of History The Lelantine War The Lelantine War Deconstructed What is History? History as Literature Method and Theory 2 Sources, Evidence, Dates Evaluating Sources Dating Archaic Poets Non-Literary Evidence Ancient Chronography Archaeological Dating 3 The End of the Mycenaean World and its Aftermath Mycenaean Greece Gauging the Historicity of the Dorian Migration Alternative Explanations The Loss and Recovery of Writing Whose Dark Age? 4 Communities of Place Defining the Polis The Urban Aspect of the Polis: Houses, Graves, and Walls Political and Economic Functions Cultic Communities Polis and Ethnos 5 New Homes Across the Seas On the Move The Credibility of Colonial Foundation Stories Pots and Peoples A Spartan Foundation? Taras, Phalanthos, and the Partheniai Hunger or Greed? 6 The Changing Nature of Authority Charting the Genesis of the State Kings or “Big-Men”? The Emergence of an Aristocracy Laws and Institutions The Return of the “Big-Man” Excursus I. A Cautionary Tale: Pheidon of Argos 7 Fighting for the Fatherland A Hoplite Revolution? Some More Equal Than Others Conquest, Territory, and Exploitation Excursus II. Archaeological Gaps: Attica and Crete 8 Defining the Political Community Looking to the End The Role of the Dêmos and the Great Rhetra Drawing Boundaries Land, Labor, and the Crisis in Attica The “Second Sex” Excursus III. Evaluating the Spartan Mirage 9 The City of Theseus The End of the Tyranny The Birth of Democracy? The Unification of Attica Theseus: Democrat or Autocrat? The (A)typicality of Athens 10 Making a Living Conceptualizing Ancient Economic Activity A Peasant Economy? Plying the Seas The Introduction of Coinage Excursus IV. The Rise of Persia and the Invasions of Greece 11 Imagining Greece “Greek” Culture: Unity and Diversity Greeks and Others: The External Dimension The Emergence of Panhellenism: The Internal Dimension The Invention of the Barbarian 12 Writing the History of Archaic Greece The First Sacred War: Fact or Fiction? The Limits of Narrative History Dividing up Time and Space Abbreviations and Glossary of Literary Sources Works Cited in the Further Reading Guide to Electronic Resources Index Maps 0.1 The Aegean 3.1 Migrations according to the literary tradition 3.2 Distribution of the Greek dialects 4.1 Distribution of Late Geometric burials at Athens 4.2 Distribution of Geometric burials at Argos 4.3 Plan of Unit IV-1, phase 2 at Nikhoria 5.1 Foundations in Italy, Sicily, and the West 5.2 Foundations in the Black Sea and Propontis 5.3 Plan of the zone around the Archaic agora at Megara Hyblaea in (a) the sixth and (b) the eighth centuries 7.1 The Peloponnese II.1 Attica II.2 Crete IV.1 Xerxes’ route and the Persian War of 480–79 11.1 Central Greece Figures 1.1 The alliances that have been proposed for Eretria and Chalcis in the Lelantine War 2.1 List of months at Athens, Miletus, Rhodes, and Epidaurus (n.b. the year began in mid-summer) 2.2 Ceramic chronology for Attica and Corinthia 2.3 Argive Late Geometric pyxis, Argos Museum 2.4 Laconian black-figure hydria, Rhodes Museum 2.5 Thucydides’ dates for the foundations in Sicily 3.1 Grave Circle A, Mycenae 3.2 The tribal organization of selected Dorian cities 3.3 Attic Late Geometric oinokhoe, National Archaeological Museum, Athens 3.4 Increases/decreases in site numbers from the twelfth to the seventh centuries 3.5 Percentages of graves with metal items at Lefkandi by cemetery and period 3.6 Average number of metal items in graves at Lefkandi by cemetery and period together with the standard deviation around the mean 4.1 Estimated sizes and population levels for eighth-century settlements 4.2 “Chiefly” dwelling at Eretria 4.3 The members of the Delphic Amphictyony 5.1 Euboean pendent semicircle skyphos 5.2 Heröon at Megara Hyblaea 5.3 Early Corinthian aryballos depicting Athena and Heracles 6.1 The twelve constituent phratriai of the phylê of the Hyrnathioi at Argos in the mid-fifth century 6.2 The diolkos on the Corinthian isthmus I.1 The variant dates ascribed to Pheidon of Argos I.2 Boundary stone of the enclosure of the Seven against Thebes in the Argive agora 7.1 “Corinthian” hoplite helmet dedicated by Miltiades, Olympia Museum 7.2 Line drawing of the battle frieze from the Chigi Vase 7.3 Anavysos Kouros, National Archaeological Museum, Athens 8.1 Korê, signed by Antenor and dedicated by the potter Nearkhos, Acropolis Museum, Athens 8.2 Phrasikleia Korê, National Archaeological Museum, Athens III.1 The sanctuary of Helen and Menelaus near Sparta 9.1 Ballots used in ostracism 10.1 “Wild Goat” oinokhoe, Rhodes Museum 10.2 Aeginetan stater, ca. 510-485 BCE 11.1 Temple of Hera, Olympia 11.2 Delphi Documents 4.1 Tyrtaeus fr. 10 70 4.2 Homer, Od. 6.262–72 71 4.3 Thucydides 1.10.2 77 4.4 Aristotle, Pol. 2.1.4–5 88 5.1 Thucydides 1.12.3–4 95 5.2 Antiochus fr. 13 and Ephorus fr. 216 112 6.1 Solon fr. 4 132 6.2 Hesiod, WD 248–51, 256–62 133 I.1 Herodotus 6.127.3 146 I.2 Ephorus fr. 115 ?­ Strabo 8.3.33 146 I.3 Greek Anthology 14.73 149 I.4 Pausanias 2.36.4–5 151 7.1 Aristotle, Pol. 4.10.10 158 7.2 Tyrtaeus fr. 10: 1–10, 15–32 166 7.3 Tyrtaeus fr. 11: 1–6, 11–14, 17–38 167 7.4 Pausanias 4.14.4–5 ?­ Tyrtaeus frs. 6 and 7 175 8.1 Plutarch, Lyc. 6 184 8.2 Tyrtaeus fr. 4 and (in italics) Diodorus 7.12.5–6 185 8.3 Herodotus 5.68 189 9.1 Thucydides 2.15.1–2 219 9.2 Homer, Il. 2.546–68 220 10.1 Herodotus 2.178–9 243 IV.1 ML 27 ?­ Fornara 59 267 11.1 Thucydides 1.3.1–3 256 11.2 ML 7 ?­ Fornara 24 258 11.3 Xenophanes fr. 2 273 11.4 Hesiod frs. 9, 10(a) 20–4 274