This authoritative volume brings together some of the world s leading researchers, academics, practitioners and transportation agency personnel to present the current status of the ecological sustainability of the linear infrastructure primarily road, rail and utility easements that dissect and fragment landscapes globally. Winner of the IENE Project Award 2016. Notes on contributors ix Foreword xxRichard T. T. Forman Preface xxii About the companion website xxiv 1 The ecological effects of linear infrastructure and traffic: Challenges and opportunities of rapid global growth 1Rodney van der Ree, Daniel J. Smith and Clara Grilo 2 Bad roads, good roads 10William F. Laurance 3 Why keep areas road ]free? The importance of roadless areas 16Nuria Selva, Adam Switalski, Stefan Kreft and Pierre L. Ibisch 4 Incorporating biodiversity issues into road design: The road agency perspective 27Kevin Roberts and Anders Sjolund 5 Improving environmental impact assessment and road planning at the landscape scale 32Jochen A. G. Jaeger 6 What transportation agencies need in environmental impact assessments and other reports to minimise ecological impacts 43Josie Stokes 7 Principles underpinning biodiversity offsets and guidance on their use 51Yung En Chee 8 Construction of roads and wildlife mitigation measures: Pitfalls and opportunities 60Cameron Weller 9 Ensuring the completed road project is designed, built and operated as intended 65Rodney van der Ree, Stephen Tonjes and Cameron Weller 10 Good science and experimentation are needed in road ecology 71Rodney van der Ree, Jochen A. G. Jaeger, Trina Rytwinski and Edgar A. van der Grift 11 Field methods to evaluate the impacts of roads on wildlife 82Daniel J. Smith and Rodney van der Ree 12 Case study: A robust method to obtain defendable data on wildlife mortality 96Eric Guinard, Roger Prodon and Christophe Barbraud 13 Road wildlife mitigation planning can be improved by identifying the patterns and processes associated with wildlife vehicle collisions 101Kari Gunson and Fernanda Zimmermann Teixeira 14 Incorporating landscape genetics into road ecology 110Paul Sunnucks and Niko Balkenhol 15 Guidelines for evaluating use of wildlife crossing structures 119Edgar A. van der Grift and Rodney van der Ree 16 Guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of road mitigation measures 129Edgar A. van der Grift, Rodney van der Ree and Jochen A. G. Jaeger 17 How to maintain safe and effective mitigation measures 138Rodney van der Ree and Stephen Tonjes 18 Understanding and mitigating the negative effects of road lighting on ecosystems 143Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault and Thomas W. Seamans 19 Ecological impacts of road noise and options for mitigation 151Kirsten M. Parris 20 Fencing: A valuable tool for reducing wildlife vehicle collisions and funneling fauna to crossing structures 159Rodney van der Ree, Jeffrey W. Gagnon and Daniel J. Smith 21 Wildlife crossing structures: An effective strategy to restore or maintain wildlife connectivity across roads 172Daniel J. Smith, Rodney van der Ree and Carme Rosell 22 Recreational co ]use of wildlife crossing structures 184Rodney van der Ree and Edgar A. van der Grift 23 Predator prey interactions at wildlife crossing structures: Between myth and reality 190Cristina Mata, Robert a Bencini, Brian K. Chambers and Juan E. Malo 24 Wildlife warning signs and animal detection systems aimed at reducing wildlife vehicle collisions 198Marcel P. Huijser, Christa Mosler ]Berger, Mattias Olsson and Mart in Strein 25 Use of reflectors and auditory deterrents to prevent wildlife vehicle collisions 213Gino D Angelo and Rodney van der Ree 26 Ecological effects of railways on wildlife 219Benjamin Dorsey, Mattias Olsson and Lisa J. Rew 27 Impacts of utility and other industrial linear corridors on wildlife 228A. David M. Latham and Stan Boutin 28 The impacts of roads and traffic on terrestrial animal populations 237Trina Rytwinski and Lenore Fahrig 29 Insects, snails and spiders: The role of invertebrates in road ecology 247Heinrich Reck and Rodney van der Ree 30 Case study: Protecting Christmas Island s iconic red crabs from vehicles 258Rob Muller and Mike Misso 31 Making a safe leap forward: Mitigating road impacts on amphibians 261Andrew Hamer, Thomas E. S. Langton and David Lesbarreres 32 Reptiles: Overlooked but often at risk from roads 271Kimberly M. Andrews, Tom A. Langen and Richard P. J. H. Struijk 33 Flight doesn t solve everything: Mitigation of road impacts on birds 281Angela Kociolek, Clara Grilo and Sandra Jacobson 34 Bats and roads 290Isobel M. Abbott, Anna Bert hinussen, Emma Stone, Martijn Boonman, Markus Melber and John Altringham 35 Carnivores: Struggling for survival in roaded landscapes 300Clara Grilo, Daniel J. Smith and Nina Klar 36 Case study: Roads and jaguars in the Mayan forests 313Eugenia Pallares, Carlos Manterola, Dalia A. Conde and Fernando Colchero 37 Case study: Finding the middle road grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves 317Sanjay Gubbi 38 Case study: African wild dogs and the fragmentation menace 322Brendan Whittington ]Jones and Harriet Davies ]Mostert 39 Roads, traffic and verges: Big problems and big opportunities for small mammals 325Fernando Ascensao, Scott LaPoint and Rodney van der Ree 40 Reducing road impacts on tree ]dwelling animals 334Kylie Soanes and Rodney van der Ree 41 Case study: Canopy bridges for primate conservation 341Andrea Donaldson and Pamela Cunneyworth 42 Transportation and large herbivores 344Patricia Cramer, Mattias Olsson, Michelle E. Gadd, Rodney van der Ree and Leonard E. Sielecki 43 Case study: The Mount Kenya elephant corridor and underpass 353Susie Weeks 44 Form and function: A more natural approach to infrastructure, fish and stream habitats 357Paul J. Wagner 45 Solutions to the impacts of roads and other barriers on fish and fish habitat 364Fabrice Ottburg and Matt Blank 46 The function and management of roadside vegetation 373Suzanne J. Milton, W. Richard J. Dean, Leonard E. Sielecki and Rodney van der Ree 47 Roads in the arid lands: Issues, challenges and potential solutions 382Enhua Lee, David B. Croft and Tamar Achiron ]Frumkin 48 Road ecology in an urbanising world 391Darryl Jones, Hans Bekker and Rodney van der Ree 49 Tropical ecosystem vulnerability and climatic conditions: Particular challenges for road planning, construction and maintenance 397Miriam Goosem 50 The influence of economics, politics and environment on road ecology in South America 407Alex Bager, Carlos E. Borg hi and Helio Secco 51 Highway construction as a force in the destruction of the Amazon forest 414Philip M. Fearnside 52 Road ecology in South India: Issues and mitigation opportunities 425K. S. Seshadri and T. Ganesh 53 Planning roads through sensitive Asian landscapes: Regulatory issues, ecological implications and challenges for decision ]making 430Asha Rajvanshi and Vinod B. Mathur 54 Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: A South African perspective of an emerging transport infrastructure 439Wendy Collinson, Dan Parker, Claire Patterson ]Abrolat, Graham Alexander and Harriet Davies ]Mostert 55 Unfenced reserves, unparalleled biodiversity and a rapidly changing landscape: Roadways and wildlife in East Africa 448Clinton W. Epps, Katarzyna Nowak, and Benezeth Mutayoba 56 Expected effects of a road across the Serengeti 455Michelle E. Gadd 57 China: Building and managing a massive road and rail network and protecting our rich biodiversity 465Yun Wang, Yaping Kong and Jiding Chen 58 Railways, roads and fences across Kazakhstan and Mongolia threaten the survival of wide ]ranging wildlife 472Kirk A. Olson and Rodney van der Ree 59 Best ]practice guidelines and manuals 479Marguerite Trocme 60 Case study: The role of non ]governmental organisations (ngos) and advocates in reducing the impacts of roads on wildlife 485Patricia White 61 Case study: Building a community of practice for road ecology 488Paul J. Wagner and Andreas Seiler 62 Wildlife/roadkill observation and reporting systems 492Fraser Shilling, Sarah Perkins and Wendy Collinson Glossary 502 Species 509 Index 513