The definitive guide to environmental control systems, updated with emerging technology and trends Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings, Twelfth Edition is the industry standard reference that comprehensively covers all aspects of building systems. Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix PART I THE BUILDING DESIGN CONTEXT Chapter 1 DESIGN PROCESS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Design Intent 1.3 Design Criteria 1.4 Methods and Tools 1.5 Validation and Evaluation 1.6 Influences on the Design Process 1.7 A Philosophy of Design 1.8 Lessons from the Field 1.9 Case Study—Design Process Chapter 2 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Energy 2.3 Water 2.4 Materials 2.5 Design Challenges 2.6 How Are We Doing? 2.7 Case Study—Design Process and Environmental Resources Chapter 3 SITES AND RESOURCES 3.1 Climates 3.2 Climates within Climates 3.3 Buildings and Sites 3.4 Analyzing the Site 3.5 Site Design Strategies 3.6 Direct Sun and Daylight 3.7 Sound and Airflow 3.8 Rain and Groundwater 3.9 Plants 3.10 Case Study—Site and Resource Design PART II DESIGN FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 4 THERMAL COMFORT 4.1 The Body and Heat 4.2 Psychrometry 4.3 Thermal Comfort Chapter 5 INDOOR AIR QUALITY 5.1 Indoor Air Quality and Building Design 5.2 Pollutant Sources and Impacts 5.3 Predicting Indoor Air Quality 5.4 Zoning for IAQ 5.5 Passive and Low-Energy Approaches for Control of IAQ 5.6 Active Approaches for Control of IAQ 5.7 IAQ, Materials, and Health Chapter 6 SOLAR GEOMETRY AND SHADING DEVICES 6.1 The Sun and Its Position 6.2 Solar versus Clock Time 6.3 True South and Magnetic Deviation 6.4 Sunpath Projections 6.5 Shading 6.6 Shadow Angles and Shading Masks Chapter 7 HEAT FLOW 7.1 The Building Envelope 7.2 Building Envelope Design Intentions 7.3 Sensible Heat Flow through Opaque Walls and Roofs 7.4 Latent Heat Flow through the Opaque Envelope 7.5 Heat Flow through Transparent/Translucent Elements 7.6 Trends in Envelope Thermal Performance 7.7 Heat Flow via Air Movement 7.8 Calculating Envelope Heat Flows 7.9 Envelope Thermal Design Standards 7.10 Case Study—Heat Flow and Envelope Design PART III PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Chapter 8 DAYLIGHTING 8.1 The Daylighting Opportunity 8.2 Human Factors in Daylighting Design 8.3 Site Strategies for Daylighting Buildings 8.4 Aperture Strategies: Sidelighting 8.5 Aperture Strategies: Toplighting 8.6 Specialized Daylighting Strategies 8.7 Basic Characteristics of Light Sources 8.8 Selecting an Appropriate Light Source 8.9 Characteristics of Daylight 8.10 Standard Overcast Sky 8.11 Clear Sky 8.12 Partly Cloudy Sky 8.13 Daylight Factor 8.14 Components of Daylight 8.15 Guidelines for Preliminary Daylighting Design 8.16 Design Analysis Methods 8.17 Daylighting Simulation Programs 8.18 Physical Modeling 8.19 Recapping Daylighting 8.20 Case Study—Daylighting Design Chapter 9 PASSIVE HEATING 9.1 Brief History 9.2 Design Strategies for Heating 9.3 Guidelines: Passive Solar Heating 9.4 Calculating Worst-Hourly Heat Loss 9.5 Calculations for Heating-Season Fuel Consumption (Conventional Buildings) 9.6 Detailed Calculations: Passive Heating Performance 9.7 Case Study—Designing for Passive Heating Chapter 10 PASSIVE COOLING 10.1 Brief History 10.2 Design Strategies for Cooling 10.3 Summer Heat Gain Guidelines 10.4 Passive Cooling Guidelines 10.5 Reintegrating Daylighting, Passive Solar Heating, and Cooling 10.6 Approximate Method for Calculating Heat Gain (Cooling Load) 10.7 Detailed Hourly Heat Gain (Cooling Load) Calculations 10.8 Detailed Calculations: Passive Cooling Performance Chapter 11 INTEGRATING PASSIVE SYSTEMS 11.1 Organizing the Design Problem 11.2 Combining Strategies 11.3 Project Performance 11.4 Project Summary 11.5 Case Study—Designing for Passive Heating and Cooling PART IV ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS Chapter 12 ACTIVE CLIMATE CONTROL 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History and Context 12.3 Relevant Codes and Standards 12.4 Fundamentals HVAC Components 12.5 Source Components: Heat 12.6 Heating Equipment 12.7 Source Components: Coolth 12.8 Cooling Equipment 12.9 Distribution Components: Air 12.10 Distribution Components: Water 12.11 Air Delivery 12.12 Water Delivery 12.13 Air Filters 12.14 Controls HVAC Systems 12.15 HVAC Systems Taxonomy 12.16 HVAC Systems Anatomy 12.17 HVAC Systems for Small Buildings 12.18 HVAC Systems for Large Buildings 12.19 Trends in HVAC Systems Design 12.20 Energy Efficiency Equipment and Systems 12.21 Case Study—Active Climate Control Systems Chapter 13 LIGHTING FUNDAMENTALS 13.1 Introductory Remarks Physics of Light 13.2 Light as Radiant Energy 13.3 Transmittance and Reflectance 13.4 Terminology and Definitions 13.5 Luminous Intensity 13.6 Luminous Flux 13.7 Illuminance 13.8 Luminance, Exitance, and Brightness 13.9 Illuminance Measurement 13.10 Luminance Measurement 13.11 Reflectance Measurements 13.12 Inverse Square Law 13.13 Luminous Intensity: Candela Measurements 13.14 Intensity Distribution Curves Light and Sight 13.15 The Eye 13.16 Factors in Visual Acuity 13.17 Size of the Visual Object 13.18 Subjective Brightness 13.19 Contrast and Adaptation 13.20 Exposure Time 13.21 Secondary Task-Related Factors 13.22 Observer-Related Visibility Factors 13.23 The Aging Eye Quantity of Light 13.24 Illuminance Levels 13.25 Illuminance Category 13.26 Illuminance Recommendations Quality of Lighting 13.27 Considerations of Lighting Quality 13.28 Direct (Discomfort) Glare 13.29 Veiling Reflections and Reflected Glare 13.30 Equivalent Spherical Illumination and Relative Visual Performance 13.31 Control of Reflected Glare 13.32 Luminance Ratios 13.33 Patterns of Luminance: Subjective Reactions to Lighting Fundamentals of Color 13.34 Color Temperature 13.35 Object Color 13.36 Reactions to Color 13.37 Chromaticity 13.38 Spectral Distribution of Light Sources 13.39 Color Rendering Index Chapter 14 ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES 14.1 The Incandescent Filament Lamp 14.2 Special Incandescent Lamps 14.3 Tungsten–Halogen (Quartz–Iodine) Lamps 14.4 Tungsten–Halogen Lamp Types Gaseous Discharge Lamps 14.5 Ballasts Fluorescent Lamps 14.6 Fluorescent Lamp Construction 14.7 Fluorescent Lamp Labels 14.8 Fluorescent Lamp Types 14.9 Characteristics of Fluorescent Lamp Operation 14.10 Federal Standards for Fluorescent Lamps 14.11 Special Fluorescent Lamps 14.12 Compact Fluorescent Lamps High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 14.13 Mercury Vapor Lamps 14.14 Metal–Halide Lamps 14.15 Sodium Vapor Lamps 14.16 Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps Solid State Lighting 14.17 Light-Emitting Diodes 14.18 Induction Lamps 14.19 Sulfur Lamps 14.20 Fiber Optics Chapter 15 LIGHTING DESIGN PROCESS 15.1 General Information 15.2 Goals of Lighting Design 15.3 Lighting Design Procedure 15.4 Cost Factors 15.5 Power Budgets 15.6 Task Analysis 15.7 Energy Considerations 15.8 Preliminary Design 15.9 Illumination Methods 15.10 Types of Lighting Systems 15.11 Indirect Lighting 15.12 Semi-Indirect Lighting 15.13 Direct–Indirect and General Diffuse Lighting 15.14 Semi-Direct Lighting 15.15 Direct Lighting 15.16 Size and Pattern of Luminaires 15.17 Other Design Considerations Chapter 16 ELECTRIC LIGHTING DESIGN Luminaires 16.1 Design Considerations 16.2 Lighting Fixture Distribution Characteristics 16.3 Luminaire Light Control 16.4 Luminaire Diffusers 16.5 Uniformity of Illumination 16.6 Luminaire Mounting Height 16.7 Lighting Fixtures 16.8 Lighting Fixture Construction 16.9 Lighting Fixture Structural Support 16.10 Lighting Fixture Appraisal 16.11 Luminaire–Room System Efficiency: Coefficient of Utilization 16.12 Luminaire Efficacy Rating Lighting Control 16.13 Requirement for Lighting Control 16.14 Lighting Control: Switching 16.15 Lighting Control: Dimming 16.16 Lighting Control: Control Initiation 16.17 Lighting Control Strategy Detailed Design Procedures 16.18 Calculation of Average Illuminance 16.19 Calculation of Horizontal Illuminance by the Lumen (Flux) Method 16.20 Calculation of Light Loss Factor 16.21 Determination of the Coefficient of Utilization by the Zonal Cavity Method 16.22 Zonal Cavity Calculations: Illustrative Examples 16.23 Zonal Cavity Calculation by Approximation 16.24 Effect of Cavity Reflectances on Illuminance 16.25 Modular Lighting Design 16.26 Calculating Illuminance at a Point 16.27 Design Aids 16.28 Calculating Illuminance from a Point Source 16.29 Calculating Illuminance from Linear and Area Sources 16.30 Computer-Aided Lighting Design 16.31 Average Luminance Calculations Evaluation 16.32 Lighting Design Evaluation Chapter 17 ELECTRIC LIGHTING APPLICATIONS 17.1 Introduction Residential Occupancies 17.2 Residential Lighting: General Information 17.3 Residential Lighting: Energy Issues 17.4 Residential Lighting Sources 17.5 Residential Lighting: Design Suggestions 17.6 Residential Lighting: Luminaires and Architectural Lighting Elements 17.7 Residential Lighting: Control Educational Facilities 17.8 Institutional and Educational Buildings 17.9 General Classrooms 17.10 Special-Purpose Classrooms 17.11 Assembly Rooms, Auditoriums, and Multipurpose Spaces 17.12 Gymnasium Lighting 17.13 Lecture Hall Lighting 17.14 Laboratory Lighting 17.15 Library Lighting 17.16 Special Areas 17.17 Other Considerations in School Lighting Commercial Interiors 17.18 Office Lighting: General Information 17.19 Lighting for Areas with Visual Digital Displays 17.20 Office Lighting Guidelines 17.21 Task-Ambient Office Lighting Design Using Ceiling-Mounted Units 17.22 Task-Ambient Office Lighting Using Furniture-Integrated Luminaires 17.23 Integrated and Modular Ceilings 17.24 Lighting and Air Conditioning Industrial Lighting 17.25 General Information 17.26 Levels and Sources 17.27 Industrial Luminance Ratios 17.28 Industrial Lighting Glare 17.29 Industrial Lighting Equipment 17.30 Vertical-Surface Illumination Special Lighting Application Topics 17.31 Emergency Lighting 17.32 Floodlighting 17.33 Street Lighting 17.34 Light Pollution 17.35 Remote-Source Lighting 17.36 Fiber-Optic Lighting 17.37 Fiber-Optic Terminology 17.38 Fiber-Optic Lighting—Arrangements and Applications 17.39 Hollow Light Guides 17.40 Prismatic Light Guides 17.41 Prismatic Film Light Guide 17.42 Remote-Source Standards and Nomenclature Chapter 18 WATER AND BASIC DESIGN 18.1 Water in Architecture 18.2 The Hydrologic Cycle 18.3 Basic Planning 18.4 Rainwater 18.5 Collection and Storage 18.6 Rainwater and Site Planning 18.7 Components 18.8 Case Study—Water and Basic Design Chapter 19 WATER SUPPLY 19.1 Water Quality 19.2 Filtration 19.3 Disinfection 19.4 Other Water Treatments 19.5 Water Sources 19.6 Hot Water Systems and Equipment 19.7 Fixtures and Water Conservation 19.8 Fixture Accessibility and Privacy 19.9 Water Distribution 19.10 Piping, Tubing, Fittings, and Controls 19.11 Sizing of Water Pipes 19.12 Irrigation Chapter 20 LIQUID WASTE 20.1 Waterless Toilets and Urinals 20.2 Principles of Drainage 20.3 Piping, Fittings, and Accessories 20.4 Design of Residential Waste Piping 20.5 Design of Larger-Building Waste Piping 20.6 On-Site Individual Building Sewage Treatment 20.7 On-Site Multiple-Building Sewage Treatment 20.8 Larger-Scale Sewage Treatment Systems 20.9 Recycling and Graywater 20.10 Storm Water Treatment 20.11 Case Study—Water Conservation and Resource Design Chapter 21 SOLID WASTE 21.1 Waste and Resources 21.2 Resource Recovery: Central or Local? 21.3 Solid Waste in Small Buildings 21.4 Solid Waste in Large Buildings 21.5 Equipment for the Handling of Solid Waste 21.6 The Service Core PART V ACOUSTICS Chapter 22 FUNDAMENTALS OF ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS 22.1 Architectural Acoustics 22.2 Sound 22.3 Hearing 22.4 Sound Sources 22.5 Expressing Sound Magnitude 22.6 Noise 22.7 Vibration Chapter 23 SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES 23.1 Sound in Enclosures Absorption 23.2 Sound Absorption 23.3 Mechanics of Absorption 23.4 Absorptive Materials 23.5 Installation of Absorptive Materials Room Acoustics 23.6 Reverberation 23.7 Sound Fields in an Enclosed Space 23.8 Sound Power Level and Sound Pressure Level 23.9 Noise Reduction by Absorption 23.10 Noise Reduction Coefficient Room Design 23.11 Reverberation Criteria for Speech Rooms 23.12 Criteria for Music Performance 23.13 Sound Paths 23.14 Ray Diagrams 23.15 Auditorium Design Sound Reinforcement Systems 23.16 Objectives and Criteria 23.17 Components and Specifications 23.18 Loudspeaker Considerations Chapter 24 BUILDING NOISE CONTROL Noise Reduction Absorption 24.1 The Role of Absorption 24.2 Panel and Cavity Resonators 24.3 Acoustically Transparent Surfaces 24.4 Absorption Recommendations 24.5 Characteristics of Absorptive Materials Sound Isolation 24.6 Airborne and Structure-Borne Sound Airborne Sound 24.7 Transmission Loss and Noise Reduction 24.8 Barrier Mass 24.9 Stiffness and Resonance 24.10 Compound Barriers (Cavity Walls) 24.11 Sound Transmission Class 24.12 Composite Walls and Leaks 24.13 Doors and Windows 24.14 Diffraction: Barriers 24.15 Flanking Speech Privacy 24.16 Principles of Speech Privacy between Enclosed Spaces 24.17 Sound Isolation Descriptors 24.18 Speech Privacy Design for Enclosed Spaces 24.19 Principles of Speech Privacy in Open-Area Offices 24.20 Open-Office Speech Privacy Levels and Descriptors 24.21 Design Recommendations for Speech Privacy in Open Offices Structure-Borne Noise 24.22 Structure-Borne Impact Noise 24.23 Control of Impact Noise 24.24 Impact Insulation Class Mechanical System Noise Control 24.25 Mechanical Noise Sources 24.26 Quieting of Machines 24.27 Duct System Noise Reduction 24.28 Active Noise Cancellation 24.29 Piping System Noise Reduction 24.30 Electrical Equipment Noise 24.31 Noise Problems Due to Equipment Location 24.32 Sound Isolation Enclosures, Barriers, and Damping STC and IIC Recommendations and Criteria 24.33 Multiple-Occupancy Residential STC/IIC Criteria 24.34 Specific Occupancies Outdoor Acoustic Considerations 24.35 Sound Power and Pressure Levels in Free Space (Outdoors) 24.36 Building Siting Reference Material 24.37 Glossary 24.38 Reference Standards 24.39 Units and Conversions 24.40 Symbols PART VI FIRE PROTECTION Chapter 25 FIRE PROTECTION Fire Resistance, Egress, and Extinguishment 25.1 Design for Fire Resistance 25.2 Smoke Control 25.3 Water for Fire Suppression 25.4 Other Fire-Mitigating Methods 25.5 Lightning Protection Fire Alarm Systems 25.6 General Considerations 25.7 Fire Codes, Authorities, and Standards 25.8 Fire Alarm Definitions and Terms 25.9 Types of Fire Alarm Systems 25.10 Circuit Supervision 25.11 Conventional Systems 25.12 System Coding 25.13 Signal Processing 25.14 Addressable Fire Alarm Systems 25.15 Addressable Analog (Intelligent) Systems 25.16 Automatic Fire Detection: Incipient Stage 25.17 Automatic Fire Detection: Smoldering Stage 25.18 Automatic Fire Detection: Flame Stage 25.19 Automatic Fire Detection: Heat Stage 25.20 Special Types of Fire Detectors 25.21 False Alarm Mitigation 25.22 Manual Stations 25.23 Sprinkler Alarms 25.24 Audible and Visual Alarm Devices 25.25 General Recommendations 25.26 Residential Fire Alarm Basics 25.27 Multiple-Dwelling Alarm Systems 25.28 Commercial and Institutional Building Alarm Systems 25.29 High-Rise Office Building Fire Alarm Systems 25.30 Industrial Facilities PART VII ELECTRICITY Chapter 26 PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY 26.1 Electric Energy 26.2 Unit of Electric Current—the Ampere 26.3 Unit of Electric Potential—the Volt 26.4 Unit of Electric Resistance—the Ohm 26.5 Ohm’s Law 26.6 Circuit Arrangements 26.7 Direct Current and Alternating Current 26.8 Electric Power Generation—DC 26.9 Electric Power Generation—AC 26.10 Power and Energy 26.11 Power in Electric Circuits 26.12 Energy in Electric Circuits 26.13 Electric Demand Charges 26.14 Electric Demand Control 26.15 Electrical Measurements Chapter 27 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS: SERVICE AND UTILIZATION 27.1 Electric Service 27.2 Overhead Service 27.3 Underground Service 27.4 Underground Wiring 27.5 Service Equipment 27.6 Transformers 27.7 Transformers Outdoors 27.8 Transformers Indoors: Heat Loss 27.9 Transformers Indoors: Selection 27.10 Transformer Vaults 27.11 Service Equipment Arrangements and Metering 27.12 Service Switch(es) 27.13 Switches 27.14 Contactors 27.15 Special Switches 27.16 Solid-State Switches, Programmable Switches, Microprocessors, and Programmable Controllers 27.17 Equipment Enclosures 27.18 Circuit-Protective Devices 27.19 Switchboards and Switchgear 27.20 Unit Substations (Transformer Load Centers) 27.21 Panelboards 27.22 Principles of Electric Load Control 27.23 Intelligent Panelboards 27.24 Electric Motors 27.25 Motor Control Standards 27.26 Motor Control 27.27 Motor Control Equipment 27.28 Wiring Devices: General Description 27.29 Wiring Devices: Receptacles 27.30 Wiring Devices: Switches 27.31 Wiring Devices: Specialties 27.32 Low-Voltage Switching 27.33 Wireless Switching and Control 27.34 Power Line Carrier Systems 27.35 Power Conditioning 27.36 Power Conditioning Equipment 27.37 Surge Suppression 27.38 Uninterruptible Power Supply 27.39 Emergency/Standby Power Equipment 27.40 System Inspection Chapter 28 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS: WIRING AND RACEWAYS 28.1 System Components 28.2 National Electrical Code 28.3 Economic and Environmental Considerations 28.4 Electrical Equipment Ratings 28.5 Interior Wiring Systems 28.6 Conductors 28.7 Conductor Ampacity 28.8 Conductor Insulation and Jackets 28.9 Copper and Aluminum Conductors 28.10 Flexible Armored Cable 28.11 Nonmetallic Sheathed Cable (Romex) 28.12 Conductors for General Wiring 28.13 Special Cable Types 28.14 Busway/Busduct/Cablebus 28.15 Light-Duty Busway, Flat-Cable Assemblies, and Lighting Track 28.16 Cable Tray 28.17 Design Considerations for Raceway Systems 28.18 Steel Conduit 28.19 Aluminum Conduit 28.20 Flexible Metal Conduit 28.21 Nonmetallic Conduit 28.22 Surface Metal Raceways (Metallic and Nonmetallic) 28.23 Outlet and Device Boxes 28.24 Floor Raceways 28.25 Underfloor Duct 28.26 Cellular Metal Floor Raceway 28.27 Precast Cellular Concrete Floor Raceways 28.28 Full-Access Floor 28.29 Under-Carpet Wiring System 28.30 Ceiling Raceways and Manufactured Wiring Systems Chapter 29 ELECTRIC WIRING DESIGN 29.1 General Considerations 29.2 Load Estimating 29.3 System Voltage 29.4 Grounding and Ground-Fault Protection 29.5 Energy Conservation Considerations 29.6 Electrical Wiring Design Procedure 29.7 Electrical Equipment Spaces 29.8 Electrical Closets 29.9 Equipment Layout 29.10 Application of Overcurrent Equipment 29.11 Branch Circuit Design 29.12 Branch Circuit Design Guidelines: Residential 29.13 Branch Circuit Design Guidelines: Nonresidential 29.14 Load Tabulation 29.15 Spare Capacity 29.16 Feeder Capacity 29.17 Panel Feeder Load Calculation 29.18 Harmonic Currents 29.19 Riser Diagrams 29.20 Service Equipment and Switchboard Design 29.21 Emergency Systems Chapter 30 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS 30.1 A Context for Photovoltaics 30.2 Terminology and Definitions 30.3 PV Cells 30.4 PV Arrays 30.5 PV System Types and Applications 30.6 PV System Batteries 30.7 Balance of System 30.8 Design of a Stand-Alone PV System 30.9 Design of a Grid-Connected PV System 30.10 Codes and Standards 30.11 PV Installations 30.12 Case Study—PV PART VIII SIGNAL SYSTEMS Chapter 31 SIGNAL SYSTEMS 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Principles of Intrusion Detection Private Residential Systems 31.3 General Information 31.4 Residential Intrusion Alarm Systems 31.5 Residential Intercom Systems 31.6 Residential Telecommunication and Data Systems 31.7 Premise Wiring Multiple-Dwelling Systems 31.8 Multiple-Dwelling Entry and Security Systems 31.9 Multiple-Dwelling Television Systems 31.10 Multiple-Dwelling Telephone Systems 31.11 Hotels and Motels School Systems 31.12 General Information 31.13 School Security Systems 31.14 School Clock and Program Systems 31.15 School Intercom Systems 31.16 School Sound Systems 31.17 School Electronic Teaching Equipment Office Building Systems 31.18 General Information 31.19 Office Building Security Systems 31.20 Office Building Communications Systems 31.21 Office Building Communications Planning 31.22 Office Building Control and Automation Systems Industrial Building Systems 31.23 General Information 31.24 Industrial Building Personnel Access Control 31.25 Industrial Building Sound and Paging Systems Automation 31.26 General Information 31.27 Stand-Alone Lighting Control Systems 31.28 Building Automation Systems 31.29 Glossary of Computer and Control Terminology 31.30 BAS Arrangement 31.31 Intelligent Buildings 31.32 Intelligent Residences Building Physical Security PART IX TRANSPORTATION Chapter 32 VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: PASSENGER ELEVATORS General Information 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Passenger Elevators 32.3 Codes and Standards Traction Elevator Equipment 32.4 Principal Components 32.5 Gearless Traction Machines 32.6 Geared Traction Machines 32.7 Arrangement of Elevator Machines, Sheaves, and Ropes 32.8 Safety Devices Hydraulic Elevators 32.9 Conventional Plunger-Type Hydraulic Elevators 32.10 Hole-less Hydraulic Elevators 32.11 Roped Hydraulic Elevators Passenger Interaction Issues 32.12 Elevator Doors 32.13 Cars and Signals 32.14 Requirements for the Disabled Elevator Car Control 32.15 Drive Control 32.16 Thyristor Control, AC and DC 32.17 Variable-Voltage DC Motor Control 32.18 Variable-Voltage, Variable-Frequency AC Motor Control 32.19 Elevator Operating Control 32.20 System Control Requirements 32.21 Single Automatic Pushbutton Control 32.22 Collective Control 32.23 Selective Collective Operation 32.24 Computerized System Control 32.25 Rehabilitation Work: Performance Prediction 32.26 Lobby Elevator Panel 32.27 Car Operating Panel Elevator Selection 32.28 General Considerations 32.29 Definitions 32.30 Interval or Lobby Dispatch Time and Average Lobby Waiting Time 32.31 Handling Capacity 32.32 Travel Time or Average Trip Time 32.33 Round-Trip Time 32.34 System Relationships 32.35 Car Speed 32.36 Single-Zone Systems 32.37 Multizone Systems 32.38 Elevator Selection for Specific Occupancies Physical Properties and Spatial Requirements of Elevators 32.39 Shafts and Lobbies 32.40 Dimensions and Weights 32.41 Structural Stresses Power and Energy 32.42 Power Requirements 32.43 Energy Requirements 32.44 Energy Conservation 32.45 Emergency Power Special Considerations 32.46 Fire Safety 32.47 Elevator Security 32.48 Elevator Noise 32.49 Elevator Specifications 32.50 Innovative Equipment 32.51 Case Study—Vertical Transportation Chapter 33 VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: SPECIAL TOPICS Special Shaft Arrangements 33.1 Sky Lobby Elevator System 33.2 Double-Deck Elevators Freight Elevators 33.3 General Information 33.4 Freight Car Capacity 33.5 Freight Elevator Description 33.6 Freight Elevator Cars, Gates, and Doors 33.7 Freight Elevator Cost Data Special Elevator Designs 33.8 Observation Cars 33.9 Inclined Elevators 33.10 Aerial Trams 33.11 Rack and Pinion Elevators 33.12 Residential Elevators and Chair Lifts 33.13 Innovative Motor Drives Materials Handling 33.14 General Information 33.15 Manual Load/Unload Dumbwaiters 33.16 Automated Dumbwaiters 33.17 Horizontal Conveyors 33.18 Selective Vertical Conveyors 33.19 Pneumatic Tubes 33.20 Pneumatic Trash and Linen Systems 33.21 Automated Container Delivery Systems 33.22 Automated Self-Propelled Vehicles 33.23 Materials Handling Summary Chapter 34 MOVING STAIRWAYS AND WALKS Moving Electric Stairways 34.1 General Information 34.2 Parallel and Crisscross Arrangements 34.3 Location 34.4 Size, Speed, Capacity, and Rise 34.5 Components 34.6 Safety Features 34.7 Fire Protection 34.8 Lighting 34.9 Escalator Applications 34.10 Elevators and Escalators 34.11 Electric Power Requirements 34.12 Special-Design Escalators 34.13 Preliminary Design Data and Installation Drawings 34.14 Budget Estimating for Escalators Moving Walks and Ramps 34.15 General Information 34.16 Application of Moving Walks 34.17 Application of Moving Ramps 34.18 Size, Capacity, and Speed 34.19 Components PART X APPENDICES Appendix A Metrication, SI Units, and Conversions Appendix B Climatic Conditions for the United States, Canada, and Mexico Appendix C Solar and Daylighting Design Data Appendix D Solar Geometry Appendix E Thermal Properties of Materials and Assemblies Appendix F Ventilation and Infiltration Appendix G Heating and Cooling Design Guidelines and Information Appendix H Standards/Guidelines for Energy- and Resource-Efficient Building Design Appendix I Annual Solar Performance Appendix J Economic Analysis Appendix K Sound Transmission Data Appendix L Design Analysis Software Index