Previously published as the first volume of The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration , this work is devoted exclusively to prehistoric migration, covering all periods and places from the first hominin migrations out of Africa through the end of prehistory. Previously published as the first volume of The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration, this work is devoted exclusively to prehistoric migration, covering all periods and places from the first hominin migrations out of Africa through the end of prehistory. Notes on Contributors viii 1 Prehistoric migration and the rise of humanity 1 Peter Bellwood Part I: The Peopling of the World during the Pleistocene 7 2 The earliest stages of hominin dispersal in Africa and Eurasia 9 Christine Hertler, Angela Bruch, and Michael Märker 3 Hominin migrations before Homo sapiens: Out of Africa – how many times? 18 Colin Groves 4 Early Old World migrations of Homo sapiens: human biology 26 Mark Stoneking and Katerina Harvati 5 Early Old World migrations of Homo sapiens: archaeology 38 Peter Hiscock 6 Pleistocene migrations in the Southeast Asian archipelagos 49 François Sémah and Anne-Marie Sémah 7 The human colonization of Australia 55 Peter Hiscock 8 The human colonization of the Americas: archaeology 61 David J. Meltzer 9 The human colonization of the Americas: population genetics 70 Simon G. Southerton Part II: Holocene migrations 77 10 Neolithic migrations: food production and population expansion 79 Peter Bellwood 11 Human migrations and the histories of major language families 87 Peter Bellwood 12 Sub-Saharan Africa: linguistics 96 Christopher Ehret 13 Sub-Saharan Africa: archaeology 107 Peter Robertshaw 14 Sub-Saharan Africa: human genetics 115 Evelyne Heyer and Jorge Rocha 15 Levant and North Africa: Afroasiatic linguistic history 125 Václav Bla ek 16 Levant and North Africa: archaeology 133 Gregory P. Gilbert 17 Ana tolia and the Balkans: archaeology 139 Mehmet Özdogan 18 Europe and western Asia: genetics and population history 146 Mark G. Thomas, Toomas Kivisild, Lounes Chikhi, and Joachim Burger 19 Europe and western Asia: Indo-European linguistic history 157 Paul Heggarty 20 Europe: Neolithic colonization 168 Ron Pinhasi 21 Northern Europe and Russia: Uralic linguistic history 178 Václav Bla ek 22 Central Asia: genetics and archaeology 184 Ron Pinhasi and Evelyne Heyer 23 Northern and northeastern Asia: archaeology 191 Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 24 Northeastern and central Asia: “Altaic” linguistic history 197 Alexander Vovin 25 Eastern Asia: Sino-Tibetan linguistic history 204 Randy J. LaPolla 26 Eastern Asia: archaeology 209 Zhang Chi and Hung Hsiao-chun 27 Eastern Asia and Japan: human biology 217 Hirofumi Matsumura and Marc Oxenham 28 Japan: archaeology 224 Mark J. Hudson 29 Korea: archaeology 230 Seonbok Yi 30 South Asia: Dravidian linguistic history 235 Franklin C. Southworth and David W. McAlpin 31 South Asia: archaeology 245 Dorian Q. Fuller 32 Trans-Indian Ocean migration 254 Atholl Anderson 33 Southeast Asian mainland: linguistic history 259 Paul Sidwell 34 Southeast Asian mainland: archaeology 269 C. F. W. Higham 35 Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: Austronesian linguistic history 276 Robert Blust 36 Southeast Asian islands: archaeology 284 Peter Bellwood 37 Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: human genetics 293 Murray P. Cox 38 Papua New Guinea: indigenous migrations in the recent past 302 Bryant Allen 39 Oceania: Lapita migration 308 Matthew Spriggs 40 Micronesian archaeology 314 Mike T. Carson 41 Polynesia, East and South, including transpacifi c migration 320 Atholl Anderson 42 Australia: linguistic history 327 Patrick McConvell 43 North America: Na Dene/Athapaskan archaeology and linguistics 333 R. G. Matson and M. P. R. Magne 44 North America: Eskimo-Aleut linguistic history 340 Michael Fortescue 45 North America: Paleoeskimo and Inuit archaeology 346 T. Max Friesen 46 Eastern North America: archaeology and linguistics 354 Dean R. Snow 47 Mesoamerica and the southwestern United States: linguistic history 362 Jane H. Hill 48 Mesoamerica and the southwestern United States: archaeology 369 Steven A. LeBlanc 49 Caribbean Islands: archaeology 376 William Keegan 50 Amazonia: linguistic history 384 Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald 51 Amazonia: archaeology 392 Michael Heckenberger 52 Andes: linguistic history 401 Paul Heggarty and David Beresford-Jones 53 Andes: archaeology 410 David Beresford-Jones and Paul Heggarty Index 417