Praise for Previous Editions A richly detailed, critical look at philosophy, displaying both Kenny's love for philosophical engagement and for good history...Kenny's style is unpretentious, effective, and at times wonderfully informal and amiable. Review of Metaphysics ...lucidly written with enough humour to cheer up the educated general reader even in the midst of the most arid of philosophical discussions. Times Higher Education Supplement This is simply a jolly good read, with pithy historical and biographical scene-setters, authoritative accounts of how successive philosophers have contributed to the development of Western thought, and often brilliant single-sentence summaries. Church Times In 1998, the first edition of Anthony Kenny's comprehensive history of Western philosophy was published, to be met with immediate praise and critical acclaim. As the first book since Bertrand Russell's 1945 A History of Western Philosophy to offer a concise single-author review of the complete history of philosophy from the pre-Socratics to the modern masters of the 20th century, Kenny's work fills a critical gap in the modern philosophy reading list and offers valuable guidance for the general reader of philosophy--an ideal starting point for anyone with an interest in great thinkers and the family lines of philosophical evolution. Widely considered to be one of the most thorough and accessible historical reviews in philosophy, An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy has earned an estimable and distinctive reputation, both for the compelling writing style of Anthony Kenny, one of the most respected and accomplished living philosophers, and for the rich collection of paintings, illustrations, maps, and photos included with every chapter to complement this review of 2,500 years of philosophical thought. Newly revised and expanded for a special 20th anniversary publication, the latest edition of An Illustrated Brief History of Western Philosophy contains all of Kenny's original writings on the history of Western philosophy from ancient to modern, along with new writings on the philosophy of the mid-20th century, covering important contributions from continental philosophers and philosophers of the post-Wittgenstein anglophone tradition, including the work of many women who have too often been neglected by the historical record. Preface x List of Illustrations xiii Acknowledgements xvi I Philosophy in its Infancy 1 The Milesians 2 Xenophanes 5 Heraclitus 6 The School of Parmenides 9 Empedocles 14 The Atomists 17 II The Athens of Socrates 21 The Athenian Empire 21 Anaxagoras 23 The Sophists 24 Socrates 25 The Euthyphro 28 The Crito 31 The Phaedo 31 III The Philosophy of Plato 38 Life and Works 38 The Theory of Ideas 40 Plato s Republic 44 The Theaetetus and the Sophist 54 IV The System of Aristotle 61 Plato s Pupil, Alexander s Teacher 61 The Foundation of Logic 63 The Theory of Drama 67 Moral Philosophy: Virtue and Happiness 68 Moral Philosophy: Wisdom and Understanding 72 Politics 75 Science and Explanation 77 Words and Things 80 Motion and Change 81 Soul, Sense, and Intellect 83 Metaphysics 86 V Greek Philosophy after Aristotle 91 The Hellenistic Era 91 Epicureanism 93 Stoicism 95 Scepticism 97 Rome and its Empire 99 Jesus of Nazareth 100 Christianity and Gnosticism 102 Neo-Platonism 106 VI Early Christian Philosophy 109 Arianism and Orthodoxy 109 The Theology of Incarnation 112 The Life of Augustine 114 The City of God and the Mystery of Grace 117 Boethius and Philoponus 120 VII Early Medieval Philosophy 125 John the Scot 125 Alkindi and Avicenna 128 The Feudal System 130 Saint Anselm 131 Abelard and Héloïse 133 Abelard s Logic 135 Abelard s Ethics 137 Averroes 139 Maimonides 140 VIII Philosophy in the Thirteenth Century 144 An Age of Innovation 144 Saint Bonaventure 147 Thirteenth-Century Logic 149 Aquinas Life and Works 150 Aquinas Natural Theology 152 Matter, Form, Substance, and Accident 154 Aquinas on Essence and Existence 156 Aquinas Philosophy of Mind 157 Aquinas Moral Philosophy 159 IX Oxford Philosophers 164 The Fourteenth-Century University 164 Duns Scotus 165 Ockham s Logic of Language 172 Ockham s Political Theory 174 The Oxford Calculators 177 John Wyclif 178 X Renaissance Philosophy 182 The Renaissance 182 Free-will: Rome vs. Louvain 183 Renaissance Platonism 186 Machiavelli 188 More s Utopia 190 The Reformation 193 Post-Reformation Philosophy 197 Bruno and Galileo 199 Francis Bacon 201 XI The Age of Descartes 206 The Wars of Religion 206 The Life of Descartes 207 The Doubt and the Cogito 210 The Essence of Mind 212 God, Mind, and Body 214 The Material World 217 XII English Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century 221 The Empiricism of Thomas Hobbes 221 Hobbes Political Philosophy 223 The Political Theory of John Locke 226 Locke on Ideas and Qualities 228 Substances and Persons 232 XIII Continental Philosophy in the Age of Louis XIV 237 Blaise Pascal 237 Spinoza and Malebranche 240 Leibniz 245 XIV British Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century 251 Berkeley 251 Hume s Philosophy of Mind 256 Hume on Causation 260 Reid and Common Sense 263 XV The Enlightenment 266 The Philosophes 266 Rousseau 267 Revolution and Romanticism 271 XVI The Critical Philosophy of Kant 275 Kant s Copernican Revolution 275 The Transcendental Aesthetic 278 The Transcendental Analytic: The Deduction of the Categories 280 The Transcendental Analytic: The System of Principles 283 The Transcendental Dialectic: The Paralogisms of Pure Reason 286 The Transcendental Dialectic: The Antinomies of Pure Reason 289 The Transcendental Dialectic: The Critique of Natural Theology 291 Kant s Moral Philosophy 295 XVII German Idealism and Materialism 298 Fichte 298 Hegel 299 Marx and the Young Hegelians 304 Capitalism and its Discontents 306 XVIII The Utilitarians 309 Jeremy Bentham 309 The Utilitarianism of J. S. Mill 314 Mill s Logic 316 XIX Three Nineteenth-Century Philosophers 320 Schopenhauer 320 Kierkegaard 327 Nietzsche 329 XX Three Modern Masters 333 Charles Darwin 333 John Henry Newman 339 Sigmund Freud 343 XXI Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 351 Frege s Logic 351 Frege s Logicism 353 Frege s Philosophy of Logic 356 Russell s Paradox 357 Russell s Theory of Descriptions 359 Logical Analysis 362 XXII The Philosophy of Wittgenstein 365 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 365 Logical Positivism 368 Philosophical Investigations 370 Afterword 382 Suggestions for Further Reading 386 Index 392