Praised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, Introduction to Modern Virology has been a successful student text for over 30 years. Praised forits clarity of presentation and accessibility, Introduction to Modern Virology has been a successful student text for over 30 years. Preface 00 About the Companion Website 00 PART I THE NATURE OF VIRUSES 00 Chapter 1 Towards a Definition of a Virus 00 1.1 Discovery of Viruses 00 1.2 Multiplication of Viruses 00 1.3 The Virus Multiplication Cycle 00 1.4 Viruses can be Defined in Chemical Terms 00 1.5 Multiplication of Bacterial and Animal Viruses is Fundamentally Similar 00 1.6 Viruses can be Manipulated Genetically 00 1.7 Properties of Viruses 00 1.8 Origin of Viruses 00 Key Points 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 2 The Stucture of Virus Particles 00 2.1 Virus Particles are Constructed from Subunits 00 2.2 The Structure of Filamentous Viruses and Nucleoproteins 00 2.3 The Structure of Isometric Virus Particles 00 2.4 Enveloped (Membrane-Bound) Virus Particles 00 2.5 Virus Particles with Head-Tail Morphology 00 2.6 Frequency of Occurrence of Different Virus Particle Morphologies 00 2.7 Principles of Disassembly: Virus Particles are Metastable 00 Key Points 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 3 Outline 00 3.1 Classification on the Basis of Disease 00 3.2 Classification on The Basis of Host Organism 00 3.3 Classification on The Basis of Virus Particle Morphology 00 3.4 Classification on The Basis of Viral Nucleic Acids 00 3.5 Classification on The Basis of Taxonomy 00 3.6 Satellites, Viroids and Prions 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 4 The Evolution of Viruses 00 4.1 Mechanisms of Virus Evolution 00 4.2 The Potential for Rapid Evolution: Mutation and Quasispecies 00 4.3 Rapid Evolution: Recombination 00 4.4 Rapid Evolution: Reassortment 00 4.5 Evolution to Find a Host, and Subsequent Co-Evolution with the Host 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 5 Techniques for Studying Viruses 00 5.1 Culturing Wild Virus Isolates 00 5.2 Enumeration of Viruses 00 5.3 Measuring Infectious Virus Titres 00 5.4 Measuring Physical Virus Titres 00 5.5 Detecting Virus in a Sample 00 5.6 Understanding Virus Replication Cycles 00 5.7 Viral Genetics and Reverse Genetics 00 5.8 Systems-Level Virology 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 PART II VIRUS GROWTH IN CELLS 00 Chapter 6 The Process of Infection: I. Virus Attachment and Entry into Cells 00 6.1 Infection of Animal Cells: The Nature and Importance of Receptors 00 6.2 Infection of Animal Cells: Enveloped Viruses 00 6.3 Infection of Animal Cells: Non-Enveloped Viruses 00 6.4 Infection of Plants Cells 00 6.5 Infection of Bacteria 00 6.6 Infection of Cells: Post-Entry Events 00 6.7 Virus Entry: Cell Culture and The Whole Organism 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 7 The Process of Infection: IIA. The Replication of Viral DNA 00 7.1 The Universal Mechanism of DNA Synthesis 00 7.2 Replication of Circular Double-Stranded DNA Genomes: Polyomavirus, Papillomavirus and Baculovirus Families 00 7.3 Replication of Linear Double-Stranded DNA Genomes That Can Form Circles: Herpesvirus family; bacteriophage 00 7.4 Replication of Linear Double-Stranded DNA Genomes that Do Not Circularize: Adenovirus and Poxvirus Families 00 7.5 Replication of Single-Stranded Circular DNA Genomes: Bacteriophages X174 and M13 00 7.6 Replication of Linear Single-Stranded DNA Genomes: Parvovirus Family 00 7.7 Dependency versus Autonomy among DNA Viruses 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 8 The process of Infection: IIB. Genome Replication in RNA Viruses 00 8.1 Nature and diversity of RNA Virus Genomes 00 8.2 Regulatory elements for RNA Virus Genome Synthesis 00 8.3 Synthesis of the RNA genome of Baltimore Class 3 Viruses 00 8.4 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 4 Viruses 00 8.5 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Baltimore Class 5 Viruses 00 8.6 Synthesis of the RNA Genome of Viroids and Hepatitis Delta Virus 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 9 The Process of Infection: IIC. The Replication of RNA Viruses with A DNA Intermediate and Vice Versa 00 9.1 The Retrovirus Replication Cycle 00 9.2 Discovery of Reverse Transcription 00 9.3 Retroviral Reverse Transcriptase 00 9.4 Mechanism of Retroviral Reverse Transcription 00 9.5 Integration of retroviral DNA into Cell DNA 00 9.6 Production of Retrovirus Progeny Genomes 00 9.7 Spumaviruses: Retrovirus with Unusual Features 00 9.8 The Hepadnavirus Replication Cycle 00 9.9 Mechanism Of Hepadnavirus Reverse Transcription 00 9.10 Comparing Reverse Transcribing Viruses 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 10 The Process of Infection: IIIA. Gene Expression in DNA Viruses and Reverse-Transcribing Viruses 00 10.1 The DNA viruses and retroviruses: Baltimore Classes 1, 2, 6 and 7 00 10.2 Polyomaviruses 00 10.3 Papillomaviruses 00 10.4 Adenoviruses 00 10.5 Herpesviruses 00 10.6 Poxviruses 00 10.7 Parvoviruses 00 10.8 Retroviruses 00 10.9 Hepadnaviruses 00 10.10 DNA Bacteriophages 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 11 The Process of Infection: IIIB.Gene Expression and its Regulation in RNS Viruses 00 11.1 The RNA Viruses: Baltimore Classes 3, 4 and 5 00 11.2 Reoviruses 00 11.3 Picornaviruses 00 11.4 Alphaviruses 00 11.5 Coronaviruses 00 11.6 Negative sense RNA viruses with Segmented Genomes 00 11.7 Orthomyxoviruses 00 11.8 Arenaviruses 00 11.9 Negative Sense RNA Viruses with Non-Segmented, Single Stranded Genomes: Rhabdoviruses and Paramyxoviruses 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 12 The Process Of Infection: IV. The Assembly Of Viruses 00 12.1 Self-Assembly From Mature Virion Components 00 12.2 Assembly of Viruses with a Helical Structure 00 12.3 Assembly of Viruses with an Isometric Structure 00 12.4 Assembly of Complex Viruses 00 12.5 Sequence-Dependent and -Independent Packaging Of Virus DNA in Virus Particles 00 12.6 The Assembly of Enveloped Viruses 00 12.7 Segmented Virus Genomes: The Acquisition of Multiple Nucleic Acid Molecules 00 12.8 Maturation of Virus Particles 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 PART III VIRUS INTERACTIONS WITH THE WHOLE ORGANISM 00 Chapter 13 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity 00 13.1 Innate Immune Responses in Vertebrates Discovery of Interferon 00 13.2 Induction of Type 1 Interferon Responses 00 13.3 Virus Countermeasures to Innate Immunity 00 13.4 TRIM Proteins and Immunity 00 13.5 Intrinsic Resistance to Viruses in Vertebrates 00 13.6 Innate and Intrinsic Immunity and the Outcome Of Infection 00 13.7 RNAI Is an Important Antiviral Mechanism in Invertebrates and Plants 00 13.8 Detecting and Signalling Infection in Invertebrates and Plants 00 13.9 Virus Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria and Archaea 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 14 The Adaptive Immune Response 00 14.1 General Features of the Adaptive Immune System 00 14.2 Cell-Mediated Immunity 00 14.3 Antibody-Mediated Humoral Immunity 00 14.4 Virus Evasion of Adaptive Immunity 00 14.5 Age and Adaptive Immunity 00 14.6 Interaction between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 15 Interactions between Animal Viruses and Cells 00 15.1 Acutely Cytopathogenic Infections 00 15.2 Persistent Infections 00 15.3 Latent Infections 00 15.4 Transforming Infections 00 15.5 Abortive Infections 00 15.6 Null Infections 00 15.7 How Do Animal Viruses Kill Cells? 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 16 Animal Virus Host Interactions 00 16.1 Cause and Effect: Koch s Postulates 00 16.2 A Classification of Virus Host Interactions 00 16.3 Acute Infections 00 16.4 Subclinical Infections 00 16.5 Persistent and Chronic Infections 00 16.6 Latent Infections 00 16.7 Slowly Progressive Diseases 00 16.8 Virus-Induced Tumours 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 17 Mechanisms in Virus Latency 00 17.1 The Latent Interaction of Virus and Host 00 17.2 Gene Expression and the Lytic and Lysogenic Life of Bacteriophage 00 17.3 Herpes Simplex Virus Latency 00 17.4 Epstein-Barr Virus Latency 00 17.5 Latency in Other Herpesviruses 00 17.6 HIV-1 Latency 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 18 Transmission of Viruses 00 18.1 Virus Transmission Cycles 00 18.2 Barriers to Transmission 00 18.3 Routes of Horizontal Transmission in Animals 00 18.4 Vertical Transmission 00 18.5 Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Transmission 00 18.6 Epidemiology of Virus Infections 00 18.7 Sustaining Infection in Populations 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 PART IV VIRUSES AND HUMAN DISEASE 00 Chapter 19 Human Viral Disease: An Overview 00 19.1 A Survey of Human Viral Pathogens 00 19.2 Factors Affecting the Relative Incidence of Viral Disease 00 19.3 Factors Determining the Nature and Severity of Viral Disease 00 19.4 Common Signs and Symptoms of Viral Infection 00 19.5 Acute Viral Infection 1: Gastrointestinal Infections 00 19.6 Acute Viral Infection 2: Respiratory Infections 00 19.7 Acute Viral Infection 3: Systemic Spread 00 19.8 Acute Viral Disease: Conclusions 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 20 Influenza Virus Infection 00 20.1 The Origins of Human Influenza Viruses 00 20.2 Influenza Virus Replication 00 20.3 Influenza Virus Infection and Disease 00 20.4 Virus Determinants of Disease 00 20.5 Host Factors in Influenza Virus Disease 00 20.6 The Immune Response and Influenza Virus 00 20.7 Anti-influenza Treatment 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 21 HIV and AIDS 00 21.1 Origins and Spread of the HIV Pandemic 00 21.2 Molecular Biology of HIV 00 21.3 HIV Transmission and Tropism 00 21.4 Course of HIV Infection: Pathogenesis and Disease 00 21.5 Immunological Abnormalities during HIV Infection 00 21.6 Prevention and Control of HIV Infection 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 22 Viral Hepatitis 00 22.1 The Signs and Symptoms Of Hepatitis 00 22.2 Hepatitis A Virus Infections 00 22.3 Hepatitis E Virus Infections 00 22.4 Hepatitis B Virus Infections 00 22.5 Hepatitis D Virus Infections 00 22.6 Hepatitis C Virus Infections 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 23 Vector-Borne Infections 00 23.1 Arboviruses and their Hosts 00 23.2 Yellow Fever Virus 00 23.3 Dengue Virus 00 23.4 Chikungunya Virus 00 23.5 West Nile Virus in the USA 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 24 Exotic and Emerging Viral Infections 00 24.1 Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Emerging Filoviruses 00 24.2 Hendra and Nipah Viruses: Emerging Paramyxoviruses 00 24.3 SARS and MERS: Emerging Coronaviruses 00 24.4 Predicting the Future: Clues from Analysis of the Genomes of Previously Unknown Viruses 00 Key points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 25 Carcinogenesis and Tumour Viruses 00 25.1 Immortalization, Transformation and Tumourigenesis 00 25.2 Oncogenic Viruses 00 25.3 Polyomaviruses, Papillomaviruses and Adenoviruses: The Small DNA Tumour Viruses as Experimental Models 00 25.4 Papillomaviruses and Human Cancer 00 25.5 Polyomaviruses and Human Cancer 00 25.6 Herpesvirus Involvement in Human Cancers 00 25.7 Retroviruses as Experimental Model Tumour Viruses 00 25.8 Retroviruses and Naturally-Occurring Tumours 00 25.9 Hepatitis Viruses and Liver Cancer 00 25.10 Prospects for the Control of Virus-Associated Cancers 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 26 Vaccines and Immunotherapy: The Prevention of Virus Diseases 00 26.1 The Principles of Vaccination 00 26.2 Whole Virus Vaccines 00 26.3 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Whole Virus Vaccines 00 26.4 Subunit Vaccines 00 26.5 Advantages, Disadvantages and Difficulties Associated With Subunit Vaccines 00 26.6 Considerations for the Generation and Use of Vaccines 00 26.7 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Vaccines 00 26.8 Eradication of Virus Diseases by Vaccination 00 26.9 Immunotherapy for Virus Infections 00 26.10 Adverse Reactions and Clinical Complications with Immunotherapy 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 27 Antiviral Therapy 00 27.1 Scope and Limitations of Antiviral Therapy 00 27.2 Antiviral Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections 00 27.3 Antiviral Therapy for Influenza Virus Infections 00 27.4 Antiviral Therapy for HIV Infections 00 27.5 Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis Virus Infections 00 27.6 Therapy for Other Virus Infections 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 28 Prion Diseases 00 28.1 The Spectrum of Prion Diseases 00 28.2 The Prion Hypothesis 00 28.3 The Aetiology of Prion Diseases 00 28.4 Prion Disease Pathogenesis 00 28.5 Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) 00 28.6 BSE and the Emergence of Variant CJD 00 28.7 Concerns about Variant CJD in the Future 00 28.8 Further Questions 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 PART V VIROLOGY THE WIDER CONTEXT 00 Chapter 29 The Economic Impact of Viruses 00 29.1 The Economics of Virus Infections of Humans 00 29.2 The Economics of Virus Infections of Animals 00 29.3 The Economics of Virus Infections of Plants 00 29.4 The Netherlands Tulip Market Crash 00 Key Points 00 Questions 00 Further Reading 00 Chapter 30 Recombinant Viruses: Making Viruses Work for Us 00 30.1 Recombinant Viruses as Vaccines 00 30.2 Recombinant Viruses for Gene Therapy 00 30.3 Retroviral Vectors for Gene Therapy 00 30.4 Adenovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy 00 30.5 Parvovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy 00 30.6 Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Therapy 00 30.7 Recombinant Viruses in the Laboratory 00 Key points 00 Questions 00 Further reading 00 Chapter 31 Viruses: Shaping the Planet 00 31.1 Virus Infections Can Give a Host an Evolutionary Advantage 00 31.2 Endogenous Retroviruses and Host Biology 00 31.3 Bacteriophage Can Be Pathogenicity Determinants for Their Hosts 00 31.4 Cyanophage Impacts on Carbon Fixation and Oceanic Ecosystems 00 31.5 Virology and Society: For Good or Ill 00 Key points 00 Questions 00 Further reading 00 Index 00