The Frequency-Resolved Optical-Gating (FROG) technique has revolutionized our ability to measure and understand ultrashort laser pulses. This book contains everything you need to know to measure even the shortest, weakest, or most complex ultrashort laser pulses. Whether you're an undergrad or an advanced researcher, you'll find easy-to-understand descriptions of all the key ideas behind all the FROG techniques, all the practical details of pulse measurement, and many new directions of research. This book is not like any other scientific book. It is a lively discussion of the basic concepts. It is an advanced treatment of research-level issues. Authors and Contributors ix Read Me! (Preface) xiii The Dilemma 1(10) Rick Trebino Ultrashort Laser Pulses 11(26) Rick Trebino Erik Zeek Nonlinear Optics 37(24) Rick Trebino John Buck The Autocorrelation, the Spectrum, and Phase Retrieval 61(40) Rick Trebino Erik Zeek FROG 101(16) Rick Trebino FROG Beam Geometries 117(24) Rick Trebino Geometrical Issues: Single-shot FROG 141(16) Rick Trebino The FROG Algorithm 157(22) Marco A. Krumbuegel Rick Trebino Noise: Its Effects and Suppression 179(24) David N. Fittinghoff Michael Munroe Practical Issues, Marginals, Error Checks, and Error Correction 203(16) Greg Taft Ken DeLong Improvisation in FROG 219(10) Rick Trebino Very Simple FROG Apparatus: GRENOUILLE 229(8) Rick Trebino Patrick O'Shea Mark Kimmel Xun Gu Ultraviolet and High-Power Pulse Measurement 237(20) Sterling Backus Charles Durfee FROG in the Single-Cycle Regime 257(48) Andrius Baltuska Maxim S. Pshenichnikov Douwe A.Wiersma FROG Characterization of Complex Pulses 305(8) John M. Dudley XFROG---Cross-correlation Frequency-resolved Optical Gating 313(10) Stefan Linden Jurgen Kuhl Harald Giessen Measuring Extremely Complex Pulses 323(8) Rick Trebino Xun Gu Erik Zeek Mark Kimmel Non-instantaneous Nonlinearities 331(6) Rick Trebino Fiber-FROG 337(8) John M. Dudley John D. Harvey Mark D. Thomson Blind FROG 345(12) Rick Trebino Principal Component Generalized Projections FROG Algorithm 357(10) Daniel J. Kane Measuring Ultraweak Pulses: TADPOLE 367(8) David N. Fittinghoff Measuring Ultrafast Polarization Dynamics: POLLIWOG 375(16) Arthur L. Smirl Multi-pulse Interferometric FROG 391(20) Craig W. Siders Antoinette J. Taylor The Future of Pulse Measurement 411(10) Rick Trebino Index 421