This extensively revised and expanded edition of van Inwagen and Zimmerman s popular collection of readings in metaphysics now features twenty two additional selections, new sections on existence and reality, and an updated editorial commentary. This extensively revised and expanded edition of van Inwagen and Zimmerman's popular collection of readings in metaphysics now features twenty-two additional selections, new sections on existence and reality, and an updated editorial commentary. Preface to Second Edition xii List of Sources xvi Introduction: What is Metaphysics? 1(14) PART I WHAT ARE THE MOST GENERAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD? 15(306) Introduction 17(2) What is Existence? 19(94) Introduction 19(3) Holes 22(6) David Lewis Stephanie Lewis On What There Is 28(12) W. V. O. Quine Beyond Being and Nonbeing 40(11) Roderick M. Chisholm What is the Relationship between an Individual and its Characteristics? 51(1) Introduction 51(2) Universals: an Excerpt from The Problems of Philosophy 53(6) Bertrand Russell Universals as Attributes: an Excerpt from Universals: an Opinionated Introduction 59(8) David M. Armstrong Universals and Resemblances: Chapter 1 of Thinking and Experience 67(17) H. H. Price The Elements of Being 84(12) D. C. Williams The Identity of Indiscernibles 96(9) Max Black Distinct Indiscernibles and the Bundle Theory 105(8) Dean W. Zimmerman What is Time? What is Space? 113(124) Introduction 114(2) Time: an Excerpt from The Nature of Existence 116(8) J. McT. E. McTaggart McTaggart's Arguments against the Reality of Time: an Excerpt from Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy 124(5) C. D. Broad The Notion of the Present 129(2) A. N. Prior Changes in Events and Changes in Things 131(10) A. N. Prior The General Problem of Time and Change: an Excerpt from Scientific Thought 141(8) C. D. Broad The Myth of Passage 149(12) D. C. Williams Some Free Thinking about Time 161(4) A. N. Prior The Fourth Dimension: an Excerpt from The Ambidextrous Universe 165(3) Martin Gardner Incongruent Counterparts and Higher Dimensions 168(7) James Van Cleve The Traditional Conception of Space, and the Principle of Extensive Abstraction: an Excerpt from Scientific Thought 175(11) C. D. Broad Achilles and the Tortoise 186(9) Max Black A Contemporary Look at Zeno's Paradoxes: an Excerpt from Space, Time, and Motion 195(20) Wesley C. Salmon Grasping the Infinite 215(9) Jose A. Benardete The Paradoxes of Time Travel 224(13) David Lewis How do Things Persist through Changes of Parts and Properties? 237(46) Introduction 237(2) Of Confused Subjects Which Are Equivalent to Two Subjects: an Excerpt from The Port-Royal Logic 239(2) Antoine Arnauld Pierre Nicole The Paradox of Increase 241(22) Eric T. Olson Identity, Ostension, and Hypostasis 263(2) W. V. O. Quine In Defense of Stages: Postscript B to ``Survival and Identity'' 265(2) David Lewis The Problem of Temporary Intrinsics: an Excerpt from On the Plurality of Worlds 267(2) David Lewis Temporary Intrinsics and Presentism 269(14) Dean W. Zimmerman How do Causes Bring about their Effects? 283(38) Introduction 283(2) Constant Conjunction: an Excerpt from A Treatise of Human Nature 285(5) David Hume Efficient Cause and Active Power: an Excerpt from Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind 290(1) Thomas Reid Psychological and Physical Causal Laws: an Excerpt from The Analysis of Mind 291(2) Bertrand Russell Causality: an Excerpt from A Modern Introduction to Logic 293(13) L. Susan Stebbing Causality and Determination 306(15) G. E. M. Anscombe PART II WHAT IS OUR PLACE IN THE WORLD? 321(172) Introduction 323(2) A How Are Mind and Body Related? 325(86) Introduction 325(3) Which Physical Thing Am I?: an Excerpt from ``Is There a Mind-Body Problem?'' 328(5) Roderick M. Chisholm Personal Identity: a Materialist Account 333(14) Sydney Shoemaker An Argument for Animalism 347(14) Eric T. Olson Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons 361(7) Derek Parfit Personal Identity: the Dualist Theory 368(16) Richard Swinburne The Causal Theory of the Mind 384(9) David M. Armstrong The Puzzle of Conscious Experience 393(8) David J. Chalmers Neutral Monism: an Excerpt from Philosophy 401(10) Bertrand Russell Is it Possible for Us to Act Freely? 411(82) Introduction 411(2) We Are Never Free: an Excerpt from The System of Nature 413(7) Paul-Henri Dietrich Baron d'Holbach Free Will as Involving Determination and Inconceivable without It 420(12) R. E. Hobart Freedom, Causation, and Preexistence: an Excerpt from Problems of Mind and Matter 432(9) John Wisdom Human Freedom and the Self 441(9) Roderick M. Chisholm The Consequence Argument 450(6) Peter van Inwagen The Mystery of Metaphysical Freedom 456(9) Peter van Inwagen The Agent as Cause 465(6) Timothy O'Connor Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility 471(9) Harry G. Frankfurt Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person 480(13) Harry G. Frankfurt PART III ARE THERE MANY WORLDS? 493(76) Introduction 495(2) Are There Worlds Other than the Actual World? 497(48) Introduction 497(2) Modal Realism at Work: an Excerpt from On the Plurality of Worlds 499(12) David Lewis Counterparts of Persons and Their Bodies 511(8) David Lewis Identity and Necessity 519(26) Saul Kripke Is There More than One Actual World? 545(24) Introduction 545(2) After Metaphysics, What? 547(5) Hilary Putnam Truth and Convention 552(6) Hilary Putnam Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity: an Excerpt from ``Putnam's Pragmatic Realism'' 558(8) Ernest Sosa Addendum to ``Nonabsolute Existence and Conceptual Relativity'': Objections and Replies 566(3) Ernest Sosa PART IV WHY IS THERE A WORLD? 569(56) Introduction 571(2) The Problem of Being: Chapter 3 of Some Problems of Philosophy 573(3) William James Why Anything? Why This? 576(18) Derek Parfit Response to Derek Parfit 594(3) Richard Swinburne The Cosmological Argument: an Excerpt from A Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God 597(5) Samuel Clarke The Cosmological Argument and the Principle of Sufficient Reason 602(9) William L. Rowe The Ontological Argument: Chapters II-TV of the Proslogion 611(2) St Anselm Anselm's Ontological Arguments 613(12) Norman Malcolm Index 625