Covers all of the major issues in metaethics including moral metaphysics, epistemology, moral psychology, and philosophy of language. Provides an unrivaled offering of primary sources and expert commentary for students of ethical theory. Includes essays by renowned ethicists such as G.E. * Covers all of the major issues in metaethics including moral metaphysics, epistemology, moral psychology, and philosophy of language. * Provides an unrivaled offering of primary sources and expert commentary for students of ethical theory. * Includes essays by renowned ethicists such as G.E. Acknowledgments ix General Introduction 1(6) Part I Moral Ontology 7(216) 1 Moral Error Theories 9(26) Introduction 9(26) 1 The Subjectivity of Values 13(10) JOHN MACKIE 2 The Myth of Morality 23(12) RICHARD JOYCE 2 Expressivism 35(44) Introduction 35(44) 3 Critique of Ethics and Theology 40(7) A.J. AYER 4 How To Be an Ethical Anti-Realist 47(11) SIMON BLACKBURN 5 Nondescriptivist Cognitivism: Framework for a New Metaethic 58(13) TERRY HORGAN AND MARK TIMMONS 6 The Reasons of a Living Being 71(8) ALLAN GIBBARD 3 Constructivism 79(53) Introduction 79(41) 7 Moral Relativism Defended 84(9) GILBERT HARMAN 8 The Authority: of Reflection 93(14) CHRISTINE KORSGAARD 9 Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer 107(13) RODERICK FIRTH 10 Contractarian Constructivism 120(12) RONALD MILO 4 Sensibility Theories 132(25) Introduction 132(5) 11 Values and Secondary Qualities 137(6) JOHN McDOWELL 12 A Sensible Subjectivism? 143(14) DAVID WIGGINS 5 Moral Realism 157(66) Introduction 157(6) 13 How To Be a Moral Realist 163(23) RICHARD N. BOYD 14 Moral Realism 186(20) PETER RAILTON 15 The Authority of Reason 206(4) JEAN HAMPTON 16 Ethics as Philosophy: A Defense of Ethical Nonnaturalism 210(15) RUSS SHAVER-LANDAU Part II Problems in Metaethics 223 1 Moral Motivation 225(56) Introduction 275 17 The Externalist Challenge 231(12) MICHAEL SMITH 18 Externalist Moral Motivation 243(9) NICK ZANGWILL 19 Virtue as Knowledge: Objections from the Philosophy of Mind 252(13) MARGARET OLIVIA LITTLE 20 Acting for a Good Reason 265(16) JONAYHAN DANCY 2 Moral Reasons 281(47) Introduction 281(5) 21 Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 286(6) PHILIPPA FOOT 22 Internal and External Reasons 292(7) BERNARD WILLIAMS 23 Skepticism about Practical Reason 299(13) CHRISTINE KORSGAARD 24 Moral Reasons 312(16) RUSS SHAFER-LANDAU 3 Moral Explanations 328(39) Introduction 328(5) 25 Ethics and Observation 333(4) GILBERT HARMAN 26 Moral Explanations 337(16) NICHOLAS L. STURGEON 27 Moral Facts as Configuring Causes 353(14) TERENCE CUNEO 4 Moral Disagreement 367(16) Introduction 367(4) 28 The Nature of Ethical Disagreement 371(5) CHARLES L. STEVENSON 29 Moral Disagreement 376(7) DAVID BRINK 5 Moral Knowledge 383(50) Introduction 383(6) 30 Wide Reflective Equilibrium and Theory Acceptance in Ethics 389(13) NORMAN DANIELS 31 Intuitionism, Pluralism, and the Foundations of Ethics 402(18) ROBERT AUDI 32 Seeing and Caring: The Role of Affect in Feminist Moral Epistemology 420(13) MARGARET OLIVIA LITTLE 6 Moral Supervenience 433(22) Introduction 433(5) 33 Supervenience Revisited 438(11) SIMON BLACKBURN 34 The Supervenience of the Ethical on the Descriptive 449(6) FRANK JACKSON 7 Semantic Puzzles 455 Introduction 455(10) 35 The Subject-Matter of Ethics 465(9) G.E. MOORE 36 Attitudes and Contents 474(11) SIMON BLACKBURN 37 Expressivism and Embedding 485(10) WALTER SINNOTT-ARMSTRONG 38 New Wave Moral Realism Meets Moral Twin Earth 495 TERRY HORGAN AND MARK TIMMONS