African American educators shaped a role for themselves in the larger civil rights movement by striving for inclusion, on equal footing, in the National Education Association (NEA). This book explores the relationship between the NEA, the nation's largest teacher organization, and the predominately black American Teachers Association, and illustrates how African American educators helped to redefine the NEA's core ideology to include the support of policies, practice, and politics that promoted educational equity for children and educators who have been historically marginalized. Examining heated debates in African American communities and in the NEA, and the immediate and long-term effects of inclusion on educators and public school children, this book reveals teacher associations as something more than labor unions and educators as activists for educational equity, while it documents the perils, disappointments, and advantages of professional cohesion. The book's documentation of leadership in particularly challenging settings fills a void in literature for teacher preparation and educational leadership programs. Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1. Prologue: African American Educators and the NEA, 1857-1928 1 Chapter 2. Teachers, Activism, and Professional Organizations 15 Chapter 3. Hard Times and New Leadership 29 Chapter 4. Teacher Welfare 39 Chapter 5. Promise and Disappointment 55 Chapter 6. On the Defensive 71 Chapter 7. The Brown Decisions: A Time to Change 87 Chapter 8. The Integration Resolutions, 1954-1961 101 Chapter 9. NEA ATA Merger 127 Chapter 10. Mergers at the State Level 159 Chapter 11. Conclusion 185 Notes 195 Bibliography 225 Index 233