In the 1920s Turkey and Iran faced political upheaval as both states attempted to find their routes to modernity. This study observes this process by examining the measures adopted by the political regimes of the late Ottomans, Ataturk and Reza Shah, as well as by exploring how different social levels contributed to the drive for modernity. List of Contributors vii Acknowledgements xi Note on Transliteration xii Introduction xiii Touraj Atabaki Time, Labour-Discipline and Modernization in Turkey and Iran: Some Comparative Remarks 1(16) Touraj Atabaki Workers and the State during the Late Ottoman Empire 17(14) Donald Quataert Disgruntled Guests: Iranian Subalterns on the Margins of the Tsarist Empire 31(22) Touraj Atabaki The Modernization of the Empire and the Community `Privileges': Greek Orthodox Responses to the Young Turk Policies 53(18) Vangelis Kechriotis Reform from Above, Resistance from Below: The New Order and its Opponents in Iran, 1927-29 71(24) Stephanie Cronin The Ottoman Legacy of the Kemalist Republic 95(16) Erik-Jan Zurcher With or Without Workers in Reza Shah's Iran: Abadan, May 1929 111(12) Kaveh Bayat Sufi Reactions Against the Reforms After Turkey's National Struggle: How a Nightingale Turned into a Crow 123(20) Hulya Kucuk A Reaction to Authoritarian Modernization in Turkey: The Menemen Incident and the Creation and Contestation of a Myth, 1930-31 143(16) Umut Azak Authority and Agency: Revisiting Women's Activism during Reza Shah's Period 159(20) Afsaneh Najmabadi Polygamy Before and After the Introduction of the Swiss Civil Code in Turkey 179(20) Nicole A.N.M. van Os Notes 199(50) Index 249