For millions, e-cigarettes provide a means to relieve nicotine cravings while avoiding harmful cigarette smoke. In the second volume in this three-volume resource, the authors provide a critical review of evidence concerning the health effects of vaping and whether using e-cigarettes helps or hinders cessation from smoking. The empirical evidence, however, does not help decision-makers resolve the normative questions relating to e-cigarettes. Different priorities, values, and interpretations of available data have led to seemingly intractable disagreements between stakeholders about the promise of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and the risks they pose to public health. The misinformation and motivated bias surrounding issues regarding vaping both follow from but also enhance polarization, perpetuating confusion about e-cigarettes and leading to poor decision-making by government agencies and people who smoke. The authors argue that, ultimately, the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation are not immutable properties of the product class-itself diverse and dynamic-but are also contingent upon the conditions of the regulatory environment, and the manner in which e-cigarettes are discussed by regulators and the media. This volume provides important context to help decision makers at all levels better understand the risk and benefits of e-cigarettes and the tradeoffs between them. Samuel C. Hampsher-Monk is Managing Director of BOTEC Analysis, where he leads research on the regulation of tobacco, cannabis, and reduced-risk nicotine products for public and private clients, including 501(c)(3) groups and LLPs, as well as municipal and state regulators. He holds a BA in Politics and Philosophy from the University of Southampton and a MSc from the University of Edinburgh. James E. Prieger, an economist, is Professor of Public Policy at Pepperdine University and Senior Researcher at BOTEC Analysis, where he leads research on illicit tobacco markets, alternative nicotine products, and related policy issues. He has published over 50 peer-reviewed journal articles and chapters. He received his BA from Yale University and his PhD in economics from the University of California, Berkeley.  Sudhanshu Patwardhan is a medical doctor, working on tobacco harm reduction projects globally. He has worked in R&D in the pharma and tobacco sectors across three continents. Patwardhan qualified as a doctor from BJ Medical College Pune, India, received a Master of Business and Science from the Keck Graduate Institute, California, USA, and holds an MBA from the London Business School, UK.