Europe is increasingly multi-ethnic and multi-faith, as well as multi-cultural. Western democracies now comprise a plurality of fundamental opinions and inherited cultures; it is not clear how (or if!) they can be related to each other without involving either oppression or anarchy. This debate requires historical understanding and a contemporary grasp of the points at issue amongst different cultures. By virtue of their proximity and frequent historical interaction, Britain and France lend themselves to comparative study. The studies in this volume collectively demonstrate that the affairs of religious minorities in these two countries were not only of concern to themselves and their national established churches. Rather, over a long-term period, they had a sustained impact on many other issues. All chapters illustrate the problematic shift from a persecutory to a pluralistic mentality. Europe is increasingly multi-ethnic and multi-faith, as well as multi-cultural. Western democracies now comprise a plurality of fundamental opinions and inherited cultures; it is not clear how (or if!) they can be related to each other without involving either oppression or anarchy. This debate requires historical understanding and a contemporary grasp of the points at issue amongst different cultures. By virtue of their proximity and frequent historical interaction, Britain and France lend themselves to comparative study. The studies in this volume collectively demonstrate that the affairs of religious minorities in these two countries were not only of concern to themselves and their national established churches. Rather, over a long-term period, they had a sustained impact on many other issues. All chapters illustrate the problematic shift from a persecutory to a pluralistic mentality. Preface 7 Abbreviations 9 Contributors 11 RICHARD BONNEY AND D.J.B. TRIM Introduction 15 GWYNNE LEWIS The State, Calvinism, and the Evolution of Political and Religious Pluralism in France, c.1550's-1848 69 WILLIAM LAMONT False Witnesses? The English Civil War and English Ecumenism 89 BRYAN W. BALL 'Through Darkness to Light.' Post-Restoration Sabbatarianism: Survival and Continuity 109 ROBIN BRIGGS A Moving Target: Jansenists and their Enemies in France 129 RANDOLPH VIGNE Richard Hill and the Saving of Liberty of Conscience for the Vaudois 153 TERRIE DOFF AAMODT 'Out of thee, O England, shall a bright star arise': Mother Ann Lee and the English Origins of the Shakers 169 PENNY MAHON Domesticating Discourses: Woman as Writer in the Early Nineteenth-century Peace Society 189 JOHN WOLFFE British Protestants and Europe, 1820-60: Some Perceptions and Influences 207 JAMES C. DEMING Martyrs for Modernity: The Three Hundredth Jubilee of the French Reformation and the Catholic Protestant Debate on the Huguenot Martyrs 227 AUBREY NEWMAN The Jewish Presence in Britain and France, 1650-1914 251 RIK TORFS The Present State of Religious Minorities in Europe 277 RICHARD BONNEY British and French Muslims: Between Assimilation and Segregation? 297 Index 355