This Festschrift volume, published in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence, includes 34 refereed papers written by leading researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The papers were carefully selected from the invited lectures given at the 50th Anniversary Summit of AI, held at the Centro Stefano Franscini, Monte Verit Ascona, Switzerland, July 9-14, 2006. The summit provided a venue for discussions on historical, business, political and educational perspectives of AI; scientific exchange on the state of the art; speculations about the future; contributions by researchers from different but related areas; presentations of the latest research by top scientists in the field; as well as many informal discussions among the participants and visitors. The selected papers reflect the breadth of the topics presented and discussed at the summit, covering subjects ranging from the history and prospects of AI, to speech recognition and processing, linguistics, bionics, and consciousness. The papers are organized in topical sections on Historical and Philosophical Issues; Information Theory and Quantification; Morphology and Dynamics; Neurorobotics; Machine Intelligence, Cognition, and Natural Language Processing; Human-Like Intelligence: Motivation, Emotions, and Consciousness; Robot Platforms; and Art and AI. This Festschrift volume, published in celebration of the 50th Anniversary of Artificial Intelligence, includes 34 refereed papers written by leading researchers in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The papers were carefully selected from the invited lectures given at the 50th Anniversary Summit of AI, held at the Centro Stefano Franscini, Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland, July 9-14, 2006. The summit provided a venue for discussions on a broad range of topics. Historical and Philosphical Issues AI in the 21st Century With Historical Reflections 1 Max Lungarella, Fumiya Lida, Josh C. Bongard, and Rolf Pfeifer The Physical Symbol System Hypothesis: Status and Prospects 9 Nils J. Nilsson Fifty Years of AI: From Symbols to Embodiment - and Back 18 Luc Steels 2006: Celebrating 75 Years of AI - History and Outlook: The Next 25 Years 29 J rgen Schmidhuber Evolutionary Humanoid Robotics: Past, Present and Future 42 Malachy Eaton Philosophical Foundations of AI 53 David Vernon and Dermot Furlong On the Role of AI in the Ongoing Paradigm Shift within the Cognitive Sciences 63 Tom Froese Information Theory and Quantification On the Information Theoretic Implications of Embodiment Principles and Methods 76 Rolf Pfeifer, Max Lungarella, Olaf Sporns, and Yasuo Kuniyoshi Development Via Information Self-structuring of Sensorimotor Experience and Interaction 87 Chrystopher L. Nehaniv, Naeem Assif Mirza, and Lars Olsson How Information and Embodiment Shape Intelligent Information Processing 99 Daniel Polani, Olaf Sporns, and Max Lungarella Preliminary Considerations for a Quantitative Theory of Networked Embodied Intelligence 112 Fabio P. Bonsignorio A Quantitative Investigation into Distribution of Memory and Learning in Multi Agent Systems with Implicit Communications 124 Roozbeh Daneshvar, Abdolhossein Sadeghi Marascht, Hossein Aminaiee, and Caro Lucas Morphology and Dynamics AI in Locomotion: Challenges and Perspectives of Underactuated Robots 134 Fumiya Lida, Rolf Pfeifer, and Andr eyfarth On the Task Distribution Between Control and Mechanical Systems: A Case Study with an Amoeboid Modular Robot 144 Akio Ishiguro and Masahiro Shimizu Bacteria Integrated Swimming Microrobots 154 Bahareh Behkam and Metin Sitti Adaptive Multi-modal Sensors 164 Kyle I. Harrington and Hava T. Siegelmann Neurorobotics What Can AI Get from Neuroscience? 174 Steve M. Potter Dynamical Systems in the Sensorimotor Loop: On the Interrelation Between Internal and External Mechanisms of Evolved Robot Behavior 186 Martin H lse, Steffen Wiscmann, Poramate Manoonpong, Arndt von Twickel, and Frank Pasemann Adaptive Behavior Control with Self-regulating Neurons 196 Keyan Zahedi and Frank Pasemann Brain Area V6A: A Cognitive Model for an Embodied Artificial Intelligence 206 Fattori Patrizia, Breveglieri Rossella, Marzocehi Nicoletta, Maniadakis Michail, and Galletti Claudio The Man-Machine Interaction: The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Rehabilitation Robotics 221 Alejandro Hern ez Arieta, Ryu Kato, Wenwei Yu, and Hiroshi Yokoi Machine Intelligence, Cognition, and Natural Language Processing Tests of Machine Intelligence 232 Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter A Herarchical Concept Oriented Representation for Spatial Cognition in Mobile Robots 243 Shrihari Vasudevan, Stefan G ter, Ahad Harati, and Noland Siegwart Anticipation and Future-Oriented Capabilities in Natural and Artificial 257 Giovanni Pezzulo Computer-Supported Human-Human Multilingual Communication 271 Alex Waibel, Keni Bernardin, and Matthias W lfel Human-Like Intelligence: Motivation, Emotions, and Consciousness A Paradigm Shift in Artificial Intelligence: Why Social Intelligence Matters in the Design and Development of Robots with Human-Like Intelligence 288 Kerstin Dautenhahn Intrinsically Motivated Machines 303 Fr ric Kaplan and Pierre-Yves Oudeyer Curious and Creative Machines 315 Hod Lipson Applying Data Fusion in a Rational Decision Making with Emotional I{egulation 320 Benjamin Fonooni, Behzad Moshiri, and Caro Lucas How to Build Consciousness into a Robot: The Sensorimotor Approach 332 J. Kevin O'Regan Robot Platforms A Human-Like Robot Torso ZAR5 with Fluidic Muscles: Toward a Common Platform for Embodied AI 347 Ivo Boblan, Rudolf Bannasch, Andreas Schulz, and Hartmut Schwenk The With Cognitive Humanoid Robot: An Open-System Research Platform for Enactive Cognition 358 Giulio Sandini, Giorgio Metta, and David Vernon Intelligent Mobile Manipulators in Industrial Applications: Experience and Challenges 370 Hansruedi Fr h, Philipp Keller, and Tina Perucchi Art and AI The Dynamic Darwinian Diorama: A Landlocked Archipelago Enhances Epistemology 386 Adrianne Wortzel Author Index 399