The following Special Issue (SI) seeks to provide a comprehensive exploration of the persistent and evolving nature of inequality and poverty across both developed and developing nations. The SI features a range of studies that address the complex factors contributing to income disparities, such as energy crises, government policies, financial instability, and global events like the Great Recession and the COVID-19 pandemic. The articles utilize diverse methodologies to explore the impact of structural factors such as education, labor dynamics, and marketization on income distribution. Additionally, specific case studies highlight the regional challenges in addressing inequality, with a focus on countries such as Pakistan, South Africa, and various Central and Eastern European nations. Contributors emphasize the importance of targeted policy interventions, such as public investment in education and labor market reforms, as well as the role of social safety nets. The Special Issue also includes broader analyses of global trends in educational mobility, income polarization, and the gender wage gap, offering valuable insights for policymakers and researchers aiming to mitigate inequality and poverty on a global scale.