Compendium 4 of the Spirit Beings in European Folklore-series covers an area that starts with Wallonia and continues via France and the Pyrenees, through the Iberian Peninsula, to Italy and Greece. Compendium 4 of the Spirit Beings in European Folklore-series covers an area that starts with Wallonia and continues via France and the Pyrenees, through the Iberian Peninsula, to Italy and Greece. This results in a very diverse and colourful collection of spirit beings, due to the many included Basque nature-spirits or Ireluak, the Spanish Duendes, the Celtic spirits of Brittany, the prankster Italian Folletti and the creatures from Greece. Some creatures from Breton folklore are particularly gruesome, such as the hollow-eyed Ankou, the Werewolf-like Bugul-nôz, or the ghostly and Will-o’-the-wisp-like Yan-gant-y-tan, who roams the night roads with his five lit candles. Most Italian ghosts are less gloomy, while the Iberian Peninsula is home to everything ranging from the ‘Beauty’ to the ‘Beast’. Compendium 4 contains – amongst other things – many kinds of dwarf-spirits or Goblins (Lutins, Nutons, Folletti, Farfadettes, Korrigans, Minairons) various seductive and feminine spring creatures, Wild Man-varieties (Basajaunak, Jentilak) and an extensive section on the Incubus-Succubus. It is fascinating to discover how many types of European spirit beings (from Kobold to many female spring-spirits), described in the other Compendiums, can be traced back to creatures from Ancient Greece. Compendium 4 discusses 270 spirit beings in detail, includes their alternative names, additional references to subordinate beings and a unique selection of illustrations. Introduction — 8 Aatxe — 11 Addar — 11 Aidegaxto — 11 Aideko — 12 Akelarre — 13 Akerbeltz or Aker — 15 Alarabi — 17 Aloja — 17 Alseids — 19 Amalur — 19 Amilamia — 22 Ana Sösana — 22 Anguana — 22 Anjanas — 23 Ankou — 24 Annequin — 25 Antaura — 25 Apabardexu — 26 Apalpador — 26 Ardi — 26 Argiduna — 27 Arquetu — 27 Arrainandere — 27 Atarrabi or Atarabi — 27 Auloniads — 28 Ayalga — 28 Badalisc — 29 Banyoles — 29 Barbegazi — 29 Basajaun or Baxajaun — 30 Basandere — 32 Bécut — 33 Befana — 33 Bella ‘mbriana — 33 Berbéch, Malasén & Sblesén — 34 Bête du Gévaudan — 34 Beuffenie — 35 Bildur aize — 35 Birao — 36 Borda — 36 Broxa — 37 Brouculaka — 37 Buffardello — 37 Bugul-noz — 40 Busgoso — 42 Butoni — 43 Caballi — 44 Cabeiri — 44 Cama-Crusa — 47 Camenae — 48 Cauchemar — 49 Centaur — 50 Cheval Mallet — 50 Chevêche — 52 Coco — 52 Couzzietti — 53 Craqueuhhe — 53 Crinaeae — 54 Croque-Mitaine — 55 Cuegle — 57 Daktyloi — 58 Dames blanches — 58 Debru — 60 Diaños — 60 Dip — 61 Doñas de fuera — 63 Donyet — 64 Dryad — 64 Duende — 64 Dusios — 65 Eate — 69 Egoi — 69 Eguen or Egu — 69 Ehiztari beltza — 70 El Broosha — 71 Eleionómai — 72 Elfos — 72 Empusa — 72 Enanos — 73 Etsai — 74 Etxajaun — 74 Falugas — 76 Fantasti — 76 Fantines — 76 Farfadets — 76 Faunus — 77 Fées — 78 Fées des Houles — 78 Feltue — 79 Fions — 80 Folletto — 80 Fuì — 81 Gaizkiñ — 81 Gallu de la Muerte — 81 Galtzagorri — 82 Gambastorta — 82 Gambosins — 83 Gatipedro — 83 Gaueko — 83 Gello — 85 Genius — 92 Genius loci — 92 Gerixeti — 93 Gizotsoa — 94 Gnefro — 94 Gorgons — 94 Gorri txiki — 95 Grand Bissetere — 95 Gripet — 95 Groac’h — 96 Guajona — 99 Guaxa — 99 Hadas — 102 Hamadryad — 102 Hárpyia — 104 Herensuge — 105 Herrauscorritsehe — 106 Hippocampus — 106 Hodei — 107 Hombre de las Narices — 107 Houzier — 108 Hupeur or Hueur — 108 Hutzêran — 109 Hyades — 109 Iditu — 111 Ihizi — 111 Incubus / Succubus — 112 Inguma or Mauma — 117 Intxisua — 118 Inuus — 119 Ipotx — 119 Iratxoak — 119 Irelu — 120 Ireltxu — 120 Janara — 121 Janas or Gianas — 121 Jaunagorri — 122 Jean de l’Ours — 122 Jentilak or Gentiles — 123 Jetins — 124 Juancaballos — 125 Kallikantzaros — 125 Karnabo — 127 Katakhanás — 127 Kères — 128 Kobalos — 131 Korrigan — 131 Lamia — 133 Lamina — 134 Lampádes — 136 Lares — 136 Lehen — 137 Lemures — 137 Lenghelo — 139 Leuce or Leuke — 140 Limnades — 140 Linchetto — 142 Lobo hechizado — 143 Longana — 143 Loup-garou — 144 Lutin — 144 Mahwotte — 146 Maide — 146 Mairi — 146 Mairu — 147 Maju — 149 Malabron — 151 Mamur — 151 Manes — 152 Manona — 152 Marabbecca — 152 Mari — 153 Marraco — 155 Maru — 155 Mateo Txistu — 156 Mazapégul — 157 Mazaròl — 158 Mazzamurello — 158 Meiga — 158 Melinoë — 159 Mélusine — 161 Mikelats — 161 Minairons — 163 Mirokutana — 163 Monuca — 163 Mora — 164 Morgens or Marie-Morganes — 164 Mormo — 166 Moro Mussa — 166 Mourioche — 167 Mouros — 168 Muladona — 172 Munaciello — 172 Naiads — 174 Nain — 174 Napaeae — 175 Negret — 175 Nereids — 175 Nicole — 176 Nitus — 176 Nuberos — 176 Nuton — 178 Nymph — 180 Oceanides — 184 Ogre — 184 Oilar — 187 Ojáncanu — 187 Paniskoi — 189 Papu — 189 Parisette — 189 Patuek — 190 Pegai — 190 Pegasides — 192 Peix Nicolau — 192 Penates — 192 Perro del Urko — 193 Pesadilla — 194 Pesanta — 194 Pie-pie van-van — 195 Pilous — 195 Prakagorri — 195 Puigmal — 195 Quarantamaula — 197 Ramidreju — 198 Rongeur d’Os — 198 Sarramauca — 198 Sarvanot — 199 Satyr — 199 Saurimonde — 201 Sbilfs — 204 Sèrvan — 204 Sgranf — 205 Silvanus — 205 Simeot — 207 Sirens — 207 Sorginak — 209 Sorsain — 209 Sottai or Sotré — 210 Squàsc — 212 Strix — 212 Sugaar — 215 Tantugou — 216 Tarasque — 216 Tartaro — 217 Tchén al tchinne — 218 Telchines — 218 Tentirujo — 219 Tourmentine — 219 Tramontino — 219 Tranganarru — 220 Trasgo — 220 Trastolillos — 222 Trenti — 222 Tronantes — 222 Truffandec — 222 Txaalgorri — 223 Urtzi — 225 Ventolines — 225 Voirloup — 226 Vrykólakas — 227 Washerwomen — 229 Xana — 231 Yan-gant-y-tan — 233 Youdic — 234 Zakur — 234 Zaldi — 234 Zamari zuria — 235 Zezen or Zezengorri — 235 Zirri Mirri, Zirpi Zarba and Zirpi Zirbi — 235 Literature and digital sources — 238 From the same series — 244